802.11be PHYs ============== .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow **What is the PHY in IEEE 802.11be?** The PHY (Physical Layer) in 802.11be defines how raw bits are transmitted and received using advanced radio technologies including wider bandwidths and higher-order modulation. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow **What frequency bands does 802.11be operate in?** 802.11be operates in 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 6 GHz frequency bands, supporting Wi-Fi 7 and Wi-Fi 6E devices. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow **What channel bandwidths does 802.11be support?** 802.11be supports 20, 40, 80, 160 MHz, and introduces 320 MHz channels for ultra-high throughput. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow **What modulation schemes are used in 802.11be?** 802.11be supports up to 4096-QAM (12 bits per symbol), allowing higher data rates and spectral efficiency. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow **Does 802.11be use OFDM like earlier standards?** Yes, 802.11be uses OFDM but with enhanced features such as Multi-Link Operation (MLO) and improved coding schemes for better performance. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow **What is Multi-Link Operation (MLO) in 802.11be?** MLO enables devices to transmit and receive simultaneously across multiple frequency bands (2.4, 5, and 6 GHz) to increase throughput and reduce latency. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow **What coding technique is used in 802.11be PHY?** 802.11be uses Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes for robust error correction and higher reliability. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow **How many spatial streams does 802.11be support?** It supports up to 16 spatial streams using Multi-User MIMO, significantly increasing capacity and throughput. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow **What is the maximum theoretical data rate in 802.11be?** The maximum data rate can exceed 30 Gbps under ideal conditions using 320 MHz channels, 16 spatial streams, and 4096-QAM. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow **Does 802.11be support OFDMA?** Yes, OFDMA is enhanced in 802.11be to improve multi-user access efficiency and reduce latency. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow **What improvements does 802.11be have over 802.11ax?** 802.11be adds wider channels (up to 320 MHz), higher QAM, more spatial streams, multi-link operation, and lower latency features. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow **What is the guard interval duration in 802.11be?** 802.11be supports multiple guard intervals including standard 0.8 µs and shorter 0.4 µs for lower latency. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow **How does 802.11be improve latency?** Through Multi-Link Operation, shorter guard intervals, and efficient scheduling, 802.11be reduces latency for real-time applications. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow **Is 802.11be backward compatible?** Yes, it is backward compatible with previous Wi-Fi standards including 802.11ax, 802.11ac, and 802.11n. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow **Does 802.11be support MIMO?** Yes, it supports Multi-User MIMO with up to 16 spatial streams on the downlink and uplink. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow **What is the FFT size in 802.11be?** 802.11be uses larger FFT sizes, including 4K FFT for 320 MHz channels, enabling efficient modulation of wider bandwidths. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow **How wide is an 802.11be channel?** Channel widths are 20, 40, 80, 160, and 320 MHz, with 320 MHz being unique to 802.11be for extremely high throughput. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow **What role does the PHY preamble play in 802.11be?** The PHY preamble provides synchronization, channel estimation, and signaling for the receiver, adapted for multi-link operation. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow **How does 802.11be handle multipath and interference?** It uses advanced OFDM, MIMO beamforming, and interference mitigation techniques for improved signal robustness. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow **Does 802.11be PHY support dynamic rate adaptation?** Yes, it dynamically adjusts modulation and coding schemes based on real-time channel conditions. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow **What is the impact of 802.11be PHY on battery life?** Multi-Link Operation and efficient scheduling can improve power savings, but wider channels and higher throughput may increase consumption. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow **Is 802.11be PHY full-duplex?** No, 802.11be operates primarily in half-duplex mode, though multi-link capabilities allow near-simultaneous transmissions on different bands. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow **What is the spectral efficiency of 802.11be PHY?** It significantly improves spectral efficiency with 4096-QAM, wider bandwidths, and multi-link transmissions compared to earlier standards. .. panels:: :container: container pb-4 :column: col-lg-12 p-2 :card: shadow Topics in this section, * :ref:`Reference links ` .. _phy_step17: .. tab-set:: .. tab-item:: Reference links * Reference links