List of PPDUs Supported in 802.11ak
========================================


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        **What is 802.11ak?**

        802.11ak is an amendment to the IEEE 802.11 standard introducing physical layer enhancements for extended range and robustness in WLANs.

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        **What does PPDU stand for?**

        PPDU stands for Physical Protocol Data Unit, the fundamental data transmission unit at the physical layer.

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        **How is 802.11ak PPDU different from previous standards?**

        802.11ak PPDU features longer symbol durations, larger FFT sizes (256-point), and longer guard intervals for better performance in challenging environments.

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        **Which bandwidths does 802.11ak support?**

        802.11ak supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz channel bandwidths.

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        **What FFT size is used in 802.11ak?**

        A 256-point FFT is used, increasing subcarrier granularity compared to the 64-point FFT in 802.11ac/ax.

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        **Why is a larger FFT size beneficial?**

        It improves performance in multipath and long-delay environments by offering finer frequency resolution.

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        **What is the symbol duration in 802.11ak?**

        The symbol duration is 16 microseconds, composed of a 12.8 µs data period plus a 3.2 µs guard interval.

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        **How does the guard interval compare to earlier standards?**

        The guard interval is longer to reduce inter-symbol interference, especially in extended-range scenarios.

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        **What modulation schemes are supported?**

        BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, and 256-QAM are supported.

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        **What code rates are available?**

        Code rates include 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, and 5/6 depending on the modulation.

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        **How many usable subcarriers are there for 20 MHz bandwidth?**

        There are 234 usable subcarriers at 20 MHz.

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        **What data rates does 802.11ak support at 20 MHz?**

        Rates range from 6 Mbps (BPSK 1/2) to 90 Mbps (256-QAM 5/6).

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        **How does 802.11ak improve coverage?**

        Longer symbols and guard intervals mitigate multipath effects, improving signal robustness over longer distances.

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        **Is 802.11ak backward compatible?**

        Yes, it is designed to coexist with legacy 802.11 devices using appropriate detection and coexistence methods.

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        **Does 802.11ak support OFDMA?**

        No, 802.11ak focuses on extended coverage and does not implement OFDMA.

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        **What is the role of PPDU in 802.11ak?**

        PPDU defines the physical layer framing and transmission format for data sent over the air.

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        **How is timing synchronization achieved with longer symbols?**

        Advanced synchronization techniques and longer preambles tailored for 16 µs symbols are used.

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        **What applications benefit from 802.11ak?**

        Industrial, extended-range, and harsh multipath wireless environments benefit most.

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        **Where to find the official 802.11ak standard?**

        The IEEE Standards Association website hosts the official amendment document.



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        Topics in this section,

                * :ref:`Reference links <ppdu_ak_step17>`

.. _ppdu_ak_step17:

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    .. tab-item:: Reference links

       * Reference links