LDAP - Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
What is LDAP?
LDAP is a protocol used to access and manage directory services over a network. A directory service is like a specialized database optimized for reading, searching, and browsing, rather than frequent updates.
Why is LDAP useful?
Centralizes user information: One place to manage users, groups, and permissions.
Supports authentication: Used for login systems (e.g., corporate logins).
Is scalable: Works well for small to very large organizations.
Is standardized: Supported by many systems (Windows, Linux, macOS, etc.).
How it works?
Client connects to the LDAP server.
Authentication: The client may bind (log in) using credentials.
Search or query: The client sends a query.
LDAP server responds with the requested information.
Client disconnects when done.
Where is LDAP used?
Enterprise networks (e.g., Microsoft Active Directory).
Email systems (e.g., Microsoft Exchange, Zimbra).
Single Sign-On (SSO) systems.
Web applications for user authentication.
Why OSI Layer: Application Layer (Layer 7)?
It provides network services directly to end-user applications.
It uses protocols like TCP/IP underneath (typically port 389 for LDAP, 636 for LDAPS).
It defines how data is structured and exchanged, not how it’s transported.
What is a directory in LDAP?
A directory is a hierarchical database that stores structured information — typically about users, groups, devices, and services.
What is LDAP used for?
Centralized authentication (e.g., login credentials).
Storing user/group information.
Directory lookups (email, phone, etc.).
Integration with apps (Active Directory, OpenLDAP).
What are common LDAP operations?
Bind: Authenticate a user.
Search: Query for entries.
Compare: Check an attribute value.
Add/Modify/Delete: Manage entries.
What’s the difference between LDAP and LDAPS?
LDAP: Transmits data in plaintext (insecure).
LDAPS: Uses SSL/TLS encryption for secure communication.
How can we secure LDAP server?
Use LDAPS (TLS/SSL).
Disable anonymous bind (if not needed).
Implement access control rules.
Regularly audit logs.
What is the working flow of LDAP?
User Requests Access * A user tries to log in to an application, server, or service (e.g., email, Wi-Fi, web app).
Application Sends Credentials to LDAP Server * The application (called the LDAP client) sends the username and password to the LDAP server.
LDAP Server Looks Up the User * The LDAP server searches its directory database for the user’s Distinguished Name (DN) — a unique path that identifies the user.
LDAP Server Verifies the Password * The LDAP server authenticates the user by comparing the password provided with the one stored in the directory.
Application Receives Response * The LDAP server sends the result (success or failure) back to the application.
Application Grants or Denies Access * Based on the LDAP response:
If authenticated - App lets the user in.
May also check group membership for role-based access.
What are the real-time applications of LDAP?
User Authentication and Single Sign-On (SSO).
Centralized User Management.
Integration with Active Directory.
Application Authorization.
Email Systems.
Topics in this section,
In this section, you are going to learn
Terminology
Version Info
LDAP Version and RFC Details |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
LDAP Version |
RFC |
Year |
Core Ideas/Contribution |
LDAPv1 |
N/A |
Early 1990s |
Initial experimental version; not standardized. |
LDAPv2 |
RFC 1777 |
1995 |
First standardized version; basic directory access over TCP/IP. |
LDAPv3 |
RFC 2251 |
1997 |
Major update: internationalization, referrals, extensibility, and schema discovery. |
RFC 45104519 |
2006 |
Revised LDAPv3 core specifications; clarified and updated earlier RFCs. |
|
APv3 (Updated) |
RFC 4511 |
2006 |
Defines the core protocol operations (bind, search, modify, etc.) in detail. |
setup
setup
LDAP BIND REQUEST Packet
S.No |
Protocol Packets |
Description |
Size(bytes) |
|---|---|---|---|
1 |
Bind Request |
Client authenticates to LDAP server |
80120 |
Message ID |
Unique identifier for the LDAP message |
14 |
|
ProtocolOp |
Operation code for BindRequest (0x60) |
1 |
|
Length |
BER-encoded length of the BindRequest sequence |
14 |
|
Version |
LDAP protocol version (typically 3) |
1 |
|
Name (DN) |
Distinguished Name of the user |
variable |
|
Auth Type |
Authentication type: Simple (0x80) or SASL (0xA3) |
1 |
|
Credentials |
Password or SASL credentials |
variable |
LDAP BIND RESPONSE Packet
2 |
Bind Response |
Server responds to Bind Request |
70-100 |
|---|---|---|---|
Message ID |
Matches the request |
14 |
|
ProtocolOp |
Operation code for BindResponse (0x61) |
1 |
|
Length |
BER-encoded length of the BindResponse sequence |
14 |
|
Result code |
Success or error code |
1 |
|
Matched DN |
DN that matched (if any) |
variable |
|
Diagnostic Msg |
Error or success message |
variable |
LDAP SEARCH REQUEST Packet
3 |
Search Request |
Client requests directory search |
100200 |
|---|---|---|---|
Message ID |
Unique identifier |
14 |
|
ProtocolOp |
Operation code for SearchRequest (0x63) |
1 |
|
Length |
BER-encoded length of the SearchRequest sequence |
14 |
|
Base DN |
Starting point for search |
Variable |
|
Scope |
Search scope (0 = base, 1 = one-level, 2 = subtree) |
1 |
|
Deref Aliases |
Alias dereferencing behavior |
1 |
|
Size Limit |
Max entries to return |
14 |
|
Time Limit |
Max time for search |
14 |
|
Types Only |
Boolean: return only attribute names |
1 |
|
Filter |
Search filter (e.g., equality match) |
Variable |
|
Attributes |
List of attributes to return |
Variable |
LDAP SEARCH ENTRY RESPONSE Packet
4 |
Search Entry Response |
Server returns a matching directory entry |
150500+ |
|---|---|---|---|
Message ID |
Matches the request |
14 |
|
ProtocolOp |
Operation code for SearchResultEntry (0x64) |
1 |
|
Length |
BER-encoded length of the SearchResultEntry sequence |
14 |
|
Object Name |
DN of the entry |
Variable |
|
Attributes |
List of attribute name-value pairs |
Variable |
LDAP SEARCH DONE RESPONSE Packet
5 |
Search Done Response |
Server indicates end of search results |
70100 |
|---|---|---|---|
Message ID |
Matches the request |
14 |
|
ProtocolOp |
Operation code for SearchResultDone (0x65) |
1 |
|
Length |
BER-encoded length of the SearchResultDone sequence |
14 |
|
Result Code |
Success or error code |
1 |
|
Matched DN |
DN that matched (if any) |
Variable |
|
Diagnostic Msg |
Error or success message |
Variable |
LDAP MODIFY REQUEST Packet
6 |
Modify Request |
Client requests modification of an entry |
100-200 |
|---|---|---|---|
Message ID |
Unique identifier |
14 |
|
ProtocolOp |
Operation code for ModifyRequest (0x66) |
1 |
|
Length |
BER-encoded length of the ModifyRequest sequence |
14 |
|
Object DN |
DN of the object to modify |
Variable |
|
Modifications |
List of changes (add, delete, replace) |
Variable |
LDAP MODIFY RESPONSE Packet
7 |
Modify Response |
Server responds to Modify Request |
70100 |
|---|---|---|---|
Message ID |
Matches the request |
14 |
|
ProtocolOp |
Operation code for ModifyResponse (0x67) |
1 |
|
Length |
BER-encoded length of the ModifyResponse sequence |
14 |
|
Result Code |
Success or error code |
1 |
|
Matched DN |
DN that matched (if any) |
Variable |
|
Diagnostic Msg |
Error or success message |
Variable |
LDAP UNBIND REQUEST Packet
8 |
Unbind Request |
Client terminates LDAP session |
6080 |
|---|---|---|---|
Message ID |
Unique identifier |
14 |
|
ProtocolOp |
Operation code for UnbindRequest (0x42) |
1 |
|
Length |
BER-encoded length of the UnbindRequest sequence |
14 |
LDAP-Use Cases |
||
|---|---|---|
S.No |
Use Case |
Descrption |
1 |
User Authentication |
LDAP is widely used to authenticate users against a centralized directory. |
2 |
Single Sign-On (SSO) |
Enables users to log in once and access multiple systems using LDAP credentials. |
3 |
Directory Browsing |
Allows applications to search and retrieve user or resource information. |
4 |
Access Control |
LDAP groups and roles help define access permissions across systems. |
5 |
Email Address Lookup |
Email clients use LDAP to auto-complete or search for email addresses. |
6 |
Centralized User Management |
Admins can manage users, passwords, and roles from a single LDAP directory. |
7 |
Application Integration |
Many enterprise apps (e.g., Jira, Jenkins) integrate with LDAP for auth. |
8 |
Network Device Authentication |
Routers, switches, and firewalls can authenticate users via LDAP. |
9 |
Employee Onboarding/Offboarding |
Automates account creation and deactivation using LDAP workflows. |
10 |
Policy Enforcement |
LDAP can store and enforce security policies across systems. |
LDAP-Basic Features |
||
|---|---|---|
S.No |
Feature |
Descrption |
1 |
Hierarchical Structure |
LDAP stores data in a tree-like structure called the Directory Information Tree (DIT). |
2 |
Standard Protocol |
LDAP is an open, standards-based protocol used for accessing and maintaining |
distributed directory information. |
||
3 |
Centralized Authentication |
Provides a single point of authentication for multiple systems and applications. |
4 |
Scalability |
Can handle large numbers of entries and users efficiently. |
5 |
Flexible Schema |
Supports custom object classes and attributes to fit organizational needs. |
6 |
Access Control |
Allows fine-grained control over who can read or modify directory data. |
7 |
Replication |
Supports data replication across multiple LDAP servers for high availability. |
8 |
Search Capabilities |
Enables powerful and efficient searching using filters and scopes. |
Hirerarchical Structure - Testcases
S.No |
Test Case |
Description |
Expected Result |
|---|---|---|---|
1 |
Verify LDAP connection |
Test if the system can connect to the LDAP server |
Connection successful |
2 |
Invalid LDAP credentials |
Use wrong credentials to connect |
Authentication fails |
3 |
Fetch root node |
Retrieve the top-level node from LDAP |
Root node displayed |
4 |
Fetch child nodes |
Retrieve immediate children of a node |
Correct child nodes displayed |
5 |
Deep hierarchy traversal |
Traverse 5+ levels deep |
All levels load correctly |
6 |
Add new node |
Add a new node under a parent |
Node appears in hierarchy |
7 |
Delete node |
Delete a node with no children |
Node removed successfully |
8 |
Delete node with children |
Delete a node with children |
Deletion blocked or cascade |
9 |
Rename node |
Rename a node in the hierarchy |
Name updated in UI and LDAP |
10 |
Move node |
Move a node to a different parent |
Node appears under new parent |
11 |
Circular reference prevention |
Try to make a node its own ancestor |
Operation blocked |
12 |
Sync with LDAP |
Trigger sync with LDAP |
Hierarchy updated from LDAP |
13 |
LDAP timeout |
Simulate LDAP server timeout |
Graceful error message shown |
14 |
LDAP paging |
Fetch large number of nodes |
All nodes retrieved in pages |
15 |
Access control by role |
Check access for different roles |
Access matches role permissions |
16 |
View-only access |
User with read-only role |
Can view but not edit hierarchy |
17 |
Admin access |
Admin user |
Full access to hierarchy |
18 |
Invalid DN format |
Use malformed DN |
Error shown |
19 |
Duplicate node name |
Add node with existing name under same parent |
Error or rename prompt |
20 |
Export hierarchy |
Export structure to file |
File contains correct structure |
21 |
Import hierarchy |
Import structure from file |
Structure updated correctly |
22 |
Search node |
Search for a node by name |
Node found and highlighted |
23 |
Case-insensitive search |
Search with different case |
Node found |
24 |
Special characters in node name |
Add node with special characters |
Node added successfully |
25 |
Long node name |
Add node with 256+ characters |
Error or truncation |
26 |
Empty node name |
Try to add node with no name |
Error shown |
27 |
Concurrent edits |
Two users edit same node |
Conflict resolution handled |
28 |
Audit trail |
Track changes to hierarchy |
Logs show who changed what |
29 |
LDAP group mapping |
Map LDAP groups to hierarchy roles |
Mapping successful |
30 |
LDAP user sync |
Sync users from LDAP |
Users appear in system |
31 |
Node visibility by role |
Restrict node visibility |
Only allowed nodes shown |
32 |
Node expansion toggle |
Expand/collapse nodes |
UI responds correctly |
33 |
Breadcrumb navigation |
Navigate using breadcrumbs |
Correct path shown |
34 |
Drag and drop node |
Move node via drag-drop |
Node moved correctly |
35 |
Undo last change |
Undo recent edit |
Previous state restored |
36 |
Redo change |
Redo undone change |
Change reapplied |
37 |
Hierarchy depth limit |
Add node beyond max depth |
Error shown |
38 |
Hierarchy width limit |
Add too many siblings |
Error or warning shown |
39 |
LDAP attribute mapping |
Map LDAP attributes to node fields |
Mapping works correctly |
40 |
LDAP schema mismatch |
Use incompatible schema |
Error or fallback |
41 |
Node history |
View change history of a node |
History displayed |
42 |
Node lock |
Lock node for editing |
Others cannot edit |
43 |
Node unlock |
Unlock node |
Others can edit |
44 |
Node comments |
Add comments to node |
Comments saved and shown |
45 |
Node tags |
Tag nodes with labels |
Tags saved and searchable |
46 |
Hierarchy snapshot |
Take snapshot of current state |
Snapshot saved |
47 |
Restore snapshot |
Restore from snapshot |
Hierarchy restored |
48 |
LDAP failover |
Test secondary LDAP server |
Failover successful |
49 |
LDAP encryption |
Use LDAPS (SSL) |
Secure connection established |
50 |
Performance under load |
Load test with 10,000 nodes |
System remains responsive |
Standard Protocol - Testcases
S.No |
Test Case |
Description |
Expected Result |
|---|---|---|---|
1 |
Verify LDAP protocol support |
Check if system supports LDAP protocol |
LDAP connection successful |
2 |
Verify LDAPS protocol support |
Check if system supports secure LDAPS |
LDAPS connection established |
3 |
Unsupported protocol |
Try connecting with unsupported protocol |
Error message shown |
4 |
LDAP port validation |
Connect using default LDAP port (389) |
Connection successful |
5 |
LDAPS port validation |
Connect using LDAPS port (636) |
Secure connection successful |
6 |
Protocol fallback |
Fail LDAP and test fallback to LDAPS |
LDAPS used automatically |
7 |
Protocol enforcement |
Enforce LDAPS only |
LDAP blocked, LDAPS allowed |
8 |
TLS handshake |
Test TLS handshake during LDAPS |
Handshake successful |
9 |
Certificate validation |
Validate server certificate |
Certificate accepted |
10 |
Expired certificate |
Use expired cert for LDAPS |
Connection rejected |
11 |
Self-signed certificate |
Use self-signed cert |
Warning or rejection |
12 |
LDAP bind operation |
Perform simple bind |
Bind successful |
13 |
LDAP SASL bind |
Perform SASL bind |
SASL bind successful |
14 |
Anonymous bind |
Try anonymous bind |
Allowed or blocked per config |
15 |
Invalid bind DN |
Use incorrect DN for bind |
Bind fails |
16 |
Invalid bind password |
Use wrong password |
Authentication fails |
17 |
LDAP search operation |
Perform search query |
Results returned |
18 |
LDAP modify operation |
Modify LDAP entry |
Modification successful |
19 |
LDAP add operation |
Add new LDAP entry |
Entry added |
20 |
LDAP delete operation |
Delete LDAP entry |
Entry deleted |
21 |
LDAP referral handling |
Handle LDAP referrals |
Referrals followed correctly |
22 |
LDAP paging support |
Retrieve large result set |
Results paged correctly |
23 |
LDAP filter syntax |
Use complex filter |
Correct entries returned |
24 |
LDAP attribute mapping |
Map LDAP attributes to app fields |
Mapping successful |
25 |
LDAP schema validation |
Validate LDAP schema |
Schema matches expected format |
26 |
LDAP timeout handling |
Simulate server timeout |
Graceful error shown |
27 |
LDAP retry logic |
Retry on failure |
Retry succeeds or fails gracefully |
28 |
LDAP connection pooling |
Use pooled connections |
Efficient reuse of connections |
29 |
LDAP connection limit |
Exceed max connections |
New connections blocked |
30 |
LDAP encryption enforcement |
Enforce encrypted connections |
Unencrypted blocked |
31 |
LDAP logging |
Log LDAP operations |
Logs contain correct info |
32 |
LDAP error codes |
Validate error codes returned |
Correct codes shown |
33 |
LDAP sync interval |
Test periodic sync |
Sync occurs at set intervals |
34 |
LDAP sync failure recovery |
Simulate sync failure |
Recovery mechanism triggered |
35 |
LDAP user provisioning |
Auto-provision users |
Users created successfully |
36 |
LDAP group provisioning |
Auto-provision groups |
Groups created successfully |
37 |
LDAP role mapping |
Map LDAP groups to roles |
Roles assigned correctly |
38 |
LDAP access control |
Enforce access via LDAP roles |
Access matches role |
39 |
LDAP audit trail |
Track LDAP operations |
Audit logs generated |
40 |
LDAP cache refresh |
Refresh cached LDAP data |
Cache updated |
41 |
LDAP DN parsing |
Parse complex DN strings |
DN parsed correctly |
42 |
LDAP subtree search |
Search within subtree |
Results scoped correctly |
43 |
LDAP base DN validation |
Use correct base DN |
Search succeeds |
44 |
LDAP entry uniqueness |
Ensure unique entries |
Duplicates blocked |
45 |
LDAP sync conflict resolution |
Resolve data conflicts |
Conflict handled gracefully |
46 |
LDAP sync performance |
Measure sync speed |
Sync completes within SLA |
47 |
LDAP sync scalability |
Sync with 10,000+ entries |
System handles load |
48 |
LDAP sync delta updates |
Sync only changed entries |
Efficient sync |
49 |
LDAP sync full refresh |
Perform full sync |
All entries refreshed |
50 |
LDAP protocol version support |
Test LDAP v2 vs v3 |
v3 supported, v2 deprecated |
Centralized Authentication - Testcases
S.No |
Test Case |
Description |
Expected Result |
|---|---|---|---|
1 |
LDAP login success |
Login with valid LDAP credentials |
User authenticated |
2 |
LDAP login failure |
Login with invalid credentials |
Authentication fails |
3 |
Empty username |
Submit login with no username |
Error shown |
4 |
Empty password |
Submit login with no password |
Error shown |
5 |
Case sensitivity |
Test case sensitivity in username |
Authentication based on config |
6 |
Locked LDAP account |
Try login with locked account |
Access denied |
7 |
Expired LDAP password |
Login with expired password |
Prompt for password change |
8 |
Disabled LDAP user |
Try login with disabled user |
Access denied |
9 |
LDAP user not found |
Use non-existent user |
Authentication fails |
10 |
LDAP bind test |
Perform LDAP bind during login |
Bind successful |
11 |
LDAP over SSL (LDAPS) |
Login using LDAPS |
Secure login successful |
12 |
LDAP over TLS |
Use StartTLS for login |
Secure connection established |
13 |
Anonymous bind blocked |
Try anonymous bind |
Access denied |
14 |
Multi-domain LDAP login |
Login from different LDAP domains |
Correct domain authenticated |
15 |
LDAP referral handling |
Handle LDAP referrals during login |
Referral followed |
16 |
LDAP group-based access |
Allow login only for specific groups |
Access granted/denied accordingly |
17 |
LDAP role mapping |
Map LDAP groups to app roles |
Roles assigned correctly |
18 |
Session creation |
Session created after login |
Session token issued |
19 |
Session timeout |
Wait for session to expire |
User logged out |
20 |
Concurrent sessions |
Login from multiple devices |
Sessions handled correctly |
21 |
Logout functionality |
User logs out |
Session terminated |
22 |
Invalid LDAP server |
Use wrong server address |
Connection fails |
23 |
LDAP server down |
Simulate server unavailability |
Graceful error shown |
24 |
LDAP failover |
Use secondary LDAP server |
Failover successful |
25 |
Login audit logs |
Track login attempts |
Logs recorded |
26 |
Brute force protection |
Multiple failed attempts |
Account locked or CAPTCHA shown |
27 |
Password policy enforcement |
Enforce LDAP password rules |
Policy applied |
28 |
Password change via LDAP |
Change password through app |
Password updated in LDAP |
29 |
LDAP sync before login |
Sync user data before login |
Latest data used |
30 |
Login with special characters |
Use special chars in username |
Login successful |
31 |
Login with long username |
Use 256+ char username |
Error or truncation |
32 |
Login with UTF-8 chars |
Use non-English characters |
Login successful |
33 |
LDAP attribute mapping |
Map LDAP attributes to user profile |
Attributes populated correctly |
34 |
LDAP search filter |
Use custom search filter |
Correct user found |
35 |
Login from mobile |
Authenticate via mobile app |
Login successful |
36 |
Login from web |
Authenticate via web portal |
Login successful |
37 |
Login from API |
Authenticate via REST API |
Token issued |
38 |
Token expiration |
Wait for token to expire |
Re-authentication required |
39 |
Token refresh |
Refresh token before expiry |
New token issued |
40 |
LDAP sync conflict |
Conflict during sync |
Conflict resolved |
41 |
LDAP sync delta |
Sync only changed users |
Efficient sync |
42 |
LDAP sync full |
Full user sync before login |
All users updated |
43 |
LDAP user deactivation |
Deactivate user in LDAP |
Login blocked |
44 |
LDAP user reactivation |
Reactivate user |
Login allowed |
45 |
LDAP login performance |
Measure login time |
Within acceptable range |
46 |
LDAP login under load |
Simulate 1000+ logins |
System remains stable |
47 |
LDAP login audit trail |
Track login history |
History available |
48 |
LDAP login notification |
Notify on login |
Notification sent |
49 |
LDAP login from VPN |
Authenticate via VPN |
Login successful |
50 |
LDAP login from restricted IP |
Block login from certain IPs |
Access denied |
Scalability - Testcases
S.No |
Test Case |
Description |
Expected Result |
|---|---|---|---|
1 |
LDAP login under load |
Simulate 1000+ concurrent logins |
System handles load without failure |
2 |
LDAP sync with 10K users |
Sync large user base |
Sync completes successfully |
3 |
LDAP sync with 100K users |
Test extreme user volume |
Sync completes within SLA |
4 |
LDAP query performance |
Run frequent queries |
Queries return within acceptable time |
5 |
LDAP paging under load |
Test paged results with high volume |
Pages load correctly |
6 |
LDAP connection pool stress |
Max out connection pool |
Connections reused efficiently |
7 |
LDAP server response time |
Measure response time under load |
Response time within threshold |
8 |
LDAP failover under load |
Fail primary server during load |
Secondary server handles traffic |
9 |
LDAP login burst |
Sudden spike in login attempts |
System remains stable |
10 |
LDAP sync burst |
Trigger multiple syncs rapidly |
No data loss or corruption |
11 |
LDAP search with filters |
Use complex filters on large data |
Results returned accurately |
12 |
LDAP group sync with 10K groups |
Sync large number of groups |
Groups synced successfully |
13 |
LDAP attribute mapping at scale |
Map attributes for 100K users |
Mapping completes correctly |
14 |
LDAP role assignment at scale |
Assign roles to large user base |
Roles assigned without delay |
15 |
LDAP-based access control at scale |
Enforce access for 100K users |
Access rules applied correctly |
16 |
LDAP login from distributed locations |
Login from multiple regions |
Authentication consistent |
17 |
LDAP sync with delta updates |
Sync only changed entries |
Efficient and fast sync |
18 |
LDAP sync with full refresh |
Full sync of large directory |
All entries updated |
19 |
LDAP sync conflict resolution |
Handle conflicts in large sync |
Conflicts resolved correctly |
20 |
LDAP audit logging at scale |
Log operations for 100K users |
Logs generated without lag |
21 |
LDAP session management at scale |
Manage sessions for 10K users |
Sessions handled correctly |
22 |
LDAP token issuance at scale |
Issue tokens for 10K logins |
Tokens generated successfully |
23 |
LDAP token refresh at scale |
Refresh tokens for 10K users |
Tokens refreshed correctly |
24 |
LDAP login latency |
Measure login time under load |
Latency within acceptable range |
25 |
LDAP sync latency |
Measure sync time for large data |
Sync completes within SLA |
26 |
LDAP server CPU usage |
Monitor CPU under load |
Usage within safe limits |
27 |
LDAP server memory usage |
Monitor memory under load |
No memory leaks |
28 |
LDAP server disk I/O |
Monitor disk activity during sync |
I/O within expected range |
29 |
LDAP server network usage |
Monitor bandwidth during sync |
Network usage optimized |
30 |
LDAP sync retry logic |
Retry failed syncs at scale |
Retries succeed or fail gracefully |
31 |
LDAP login retry logic |
Retry failed logins under load |
Retries handled correctly |
32 |
LDAP sync scheduling |
Schedule syncs for large data |
Syncs run as scheduled |
33 |
LDAP sync throttling |
Throttle sync to avoid overload |
System remains responsive |
34 |
LDAP sync prioritization |
Prioritize critical syncs |
High-priority syncs complete first |
35 |
LDAP sync queue management |
Manage sync queue under load |
Queue processed efficiently |
36 |
LDAP sync error handling |
Handle errors during large sync |
Errors logged and managed |
37 |
LDAP sync rollback |
Rollback failed syncs |
Data integrity maintained |
38 |
LDAP sync snapshot |
Take snapshot before sync |
Snapshot saved successfully |
39 |
LDAP sync restore |
Restore from snapshot |
Data restored correctly |
40 |
LDAP sync monitoring |
Monitor sync progress |
Real-time updates shown |
41 |
LDAP sync alerting |
Alert on sync failures |
Alerts triggered correctly |
42 |
LDAP sync reporting |
Generate reports post-sync |
Reports accurate and complete |
43 |
LDAP login reporting |
Generate login reports |
Reports reflect actual logins |
44 |
LDAP sync with nested groups |
Sync deeply nested groups |
All groups synced correctly |
45 |
LDAP sync with custom schema |
Sync using custom LDAP schema |
Schema handled correctly |
46 |
LDAP sync with multiple domains |
Sync across domains |
All domains synced successfully |
47 |
LDAP sync with external systems |
Sync with third-party apps |
Data exchanged correctly |
48 |
LDAP sync with cloud directory |
Sync with cloud LDAP |
Cloud sync successful |
49 |
LDAP sync with hybrid setup |
Sync on-prem and cloud LDAP |
Hybrid sync works correctly |
50 |
LDAP scalability benchmark |
Benchmark sync and login |
Meets performance targets |
Flexible Schema - Testcases
S.No |
Test Case |
Description |
Expected Result |
|---|---|---|---|
1 |
Add custom attribute |
Add a new attribute to LDAP schema |
Attribute added successfully |
2 |
Modify existing attribute |
Change attribute type or constraints |
Modification applied |
3 |
Delete attribute |
Remove unused attribute |
Attribute deleted |
4 |
Add custom object class |
Create new object class |
Object class added |
5 |
Modify object class |
Update object class definition |
Changes saved |
6 |
Delete object class |
Remove unused object class |
Object class deleted |
7 |
Add multi-valued attribute |
Add attribute with multiple values |
Values stored correctly |
8 |
Add single-valued attribute |
Add attribute with single value |
Value stored correctly |
9 |
Add optional attribute |
Add attribute not required by schema |
Entry accepted |
10 |
Add mandatory attribute |
Add required attribute |
Entry validated |
11 |
Schema validation |
Validate schema after changes |
Schema passes validation |
12 |
Schema conflict detection |
Detect conflicting definitions |
Conflict reported |
13 |
Schema versioning |
Track schema changes over time |
Version history maintained |
14 |
Schema rollback |
Revert to previous schema version |
Schema restored |
15 |
Schema export |
Export schema to file |
File contains correct schema |
16 |
Schema import |
Import schema from file |
Schema loaded successfully |
17 |
Schema sync |
Sync schema across LDAP servers |
Schema consistent |
18 |
Schema replication |
Replicate schema in multi-node setup |
Replication successful |
19 |
Schema compatibility check |
Check compatibility with existing entries |
No conflicts found |
20 |
Schema extension |
Extend existing object class |
Extension applied |
21 |
Schema inheritance |
Inherit attributes from parent class |
Inheritance works |
22 |
Schema enforcement |
Enforce schema rules during entry creation |
Invalid entries blocked |
23 |
Schema flexibility test |
Add diverse attribute types |
All types supported |
24 |
Schema with binary attributes |
Add binary data attribute |
Data stored correctly |
25 |
Schema with date attributes |
Add date/time attribute |
Date stored correctly |
26 |
Schema with boolean attributes |
Add true/false attribute |
Value stored correctly |
27 |
Schema with numeric attributes |
Add integer/float attribute |
Value stored correctly |
28 |
Schema with string attributes |
Add text attribute |
Text stored correctly |
29 |
Schema with DN attributes |
Add distinguished name attribute |
DN resolved correctly |
30 |
Schema with URL attributes |
Add URL attribute |
URL validated |
31 |
Schema with email attributes |
Add email attribute |
Email format validated |
32 |
Schema with phone attributes |
Add phone number attribute |
Format validated |
33 |
Schema with custom validation |
Add regex validation to attribute |
Validation enforced |
34 |
Schema with default values |
Set default value for attribute |
Default applied |
35 |
Schema with range constraints |
Set min/max for numeric attribute |
Constraints enforced |
36 |
Schema with length constraints |
Set max length for string attribute |
Length enforced |
37 |
Schema with enumeration |
Define allowed values |
Only valid values accepted |
38 |
Schema with localization |
Support localized attribute names |
Localization applied |
39 |
Schema with access control |
Restrict access to certain attributes |
Access enforced |
40 |
Schema with audit trail |
Track changes to schema |
Audit logs generated |
41 |
Schema with dynamic attributes |
Add attributes at runtime |
Attributes added dynamically |
42 |
Schema with deprecated attributes |
Mark attributes as deprecated |
Warning shown |
43 |
Schema with hidden attributes |
Hide attributes from UI |
Attributes not visible |
44 |
Schema with indexed attributes |
Index attributes for search |
Search performance improved |
45 |
Schema with searchable attributes |
Make attributes searchable |
Search returns correct results |
46 |
Schema with non-searchable attributes |
Exclude attributes from search |
Attributes ignored in search |
47 |
Schema with linked attributes |
Link attributes across entries |
Links resolved correctly |
48 |
Schema with conditional attributes |
Show attributes based on conditions |
Conditions evaluated correctly |
49 |
Schema with schema templates |
Use predefined schema templates |
Template applied |
50 |
Schema scalability test |
Add 1000+ attributes |
System handles schema load |
Access Control - Testcases
S.No |
Test Case |
Description |
Expected Result |
|---|---|---|---|
1 |
Valid user access |
User with correct LDAP role accesses resource |
Access granted |
2 |
Invalid user access |
User without required role tries to access |
Access denied |
3 |
Role-based access |
Assign access based on LDAP group |
Access matches role |
4 |
Read-only access |
User with read-only role |
Can view but not modify |
5 |
Admin access |
User with admin role |
Full access granted |
6 |
No role assigned |
User with no LDAP role |
Access denied |
7 |
Multiple roles |
User with multiple LDAP roles |
Access based on highest privilege |
8 |
Nested group access |
User in nested LDAP group |
Access granted if group is mapped |
9 |
Group membership sync |
Sync LDAP group membership |
Access updated accordingly |
10 |
Dynamic role assignment |
Assign roles based on LDAP attributes |
Roles assigned correctly |
11 |
Access revocation |
Remove user from LDAP group |
Access revoked |
12 |
Access restoration |
Re-add user to LDAP group |
Access restored |
13 |
Time-based access |
Grant access for specific time window |
Access allowed only during window |
14 |
Location-based access |
Restrict access by IP or region |
Access denied if outside allowed range |
15 |
Access audit logging |
Log access attempts |
Logs generated correctly |
16 |
Unauthorized access attempt |
User tries to access restricted resource |
Attempt logged and denied |
17 |
Access control policy enforcement |
Enforce defined access rules |
Policy applied correctly |
18 |
LDAP attribute-based access |
Use LDAP attributes for access decisions |
Access granted/denied accordingly |
19 |
Access control inheritance |
Inherit access from parent group |
Inheritance applied |
20 |
Access control override |
Admin overrides access |
Override successful |
21 |
Access control conflict resolution |
Resolve conflicting access rules |
Correct rule applied |
22 |
Access control caching |
Cache access decisions |
Cached results used |
23 |
Access control refresh |
Refresh cached access data |
Updated access applied |
24 |
Access control scalability |
Test with 10K users |
Access control remains responsive |
25 |
Access control performance |
Measure access decision latency |
Within acceptable range |
26 |
Access control for APIs |
Enforce access on API endpoints |
Unauthorized calls blocked |
27 |
Access control for UI |
Enforce access on UI components |
UI elements hidden or disabled |
28 |
Access control for files |
Restrict access to files |
Unauthorized access blocked |
29 |
Access control for services |
Restrict access to backend services |
Access denied if unauthorized |
30 |
Access control for mobile |
Enforce access on mobile app |
Access rules applied |
31 |
Access control for web |
Enforce access on web portal |
Access rules applied |
32 |
Access control for external users |
Handle access for external LDAP users |
Access granted/denied based on config |
33 |
Access control for contractors |
Temporary access for contractors |
Access expires as scheduled |
34 |
Access control for guests |
Limited access for guest users |
Only basic access allowed |
35 |
Access control for superusers |
Elevated access for superusers |
Full access granted |
36 |
Access control for disabled users |
LDAP user marked disabled |
Access denied |
37 |
Access control for expired accounts |
LDAP account expired |
Access denied |
38 |
Access control for locked accounts |
LDAP account locked |
Access denied |
39 |
Access control for new users |
New LDAP user added |
Access granted based on default role |
40 |
Access control for removed users |
LDAP user deleted |
Access revoked |
41 |
Access control sync frequency |
Sync access roles periodically |
Roles updated on schedule |
42 |
Access control error handling |
Handle LDAP errors during access check |
Graceful fallback or denial |
43 |
Access control failover |
LDAP server down |
Access decisions handled via backup |
44 |
Access control encryption |
Secure access control data |
Data encrypted in transit |
45 |
Access control logging format |
Validate log format |
Logs readable and structured |
46 |
Access control notification |
Notify on access changes |
Notification sent |
47 |
Access control reporting |
Generate access reports |
Reports accurate and complete |
48 |
Access control compliance |
Ensure compliance with policies |
Access rules meet standards |
49 |
Access control testing automation |
Automate access control tests |
Tests run successfully |
50 |
Access control rollback |
Rollback access changes |
Previous access restored |
Replication - Testcases
S.No |
Test Case |
Description |
Expected Result |
|---|---|---|---|
1 |
Enable replication |
Configure replication between LDAP servers |
Replication starts successfully |
2 |
Disable replication |
Turn off replication |
Replication stops |
3 |
Initial sync |
Perform first-time replication |
All entries copied |
4 |
Incremental sync |
Replicate only changed entries |
Changes replicated |
5 |
Real-time replication |
Enable live replication |
Changes reflected instantly |
6 |
Scheduled replication |
Set replication interval |
Replication occurs on schedule |
7 |
Manual replication trigger |
Trigger replication manually |
Sync starts immediately |
8 |
Replication latency |
Measure time delay in replication |
Within acceptable range |
9 |
Replication conflict resolution |
Handle conflicting changes |
Conflict resolved correctly |
10 |
Replication failure recovery |
Recover from failed replication |
Replication resumes |
11 |
Replication logging |
Log replication events |
Logs generated correctly |
12 |
Replication alerting |
Alert on replication failure |
Notification sent |
13 |
Replication monitoring |
Monitor replication status |
Status visible in dashboard |
14 |
Replication performance |
Test replication under load |
Performance remains stable |
15 |
Replication scalability |
Replicate 100K+ entries |
System handles load |
16 |
Replication with nested groups |
Replicate deeply nested groups |
All groups replicated |
17 |
Replication with custom schema |
Replicate extended schema |
Schema replicated correctly |
18 |
Replication with binary attributes |
Replicate binary data |
Data replicated accurately |
19 |
Replication with deleted entries |
Delete entry on source |
Deletion reflected on target |
20 |
Replication with added entries |
Add entry on source |
Entry appears on target |
21 |
Replication with modified entries |
Modify entry on source |
Changes appear on target |
22 |
Replication with renamed entries |
Rename entry on source |
New name appears on target |
23 |
Replication with moved entries |
Move entry to new DN |
Move reflected on target |
24 |
Replication with access control |
Replicate ACLs |
Permissions replicated |
25 |
Replication with timestamps |
Preserve timestamps |
Timestamps match source |
26 |
Replication with UUIDs |
Preserve unique IDs |
UUIDs consistent |
27 |
Replication with filters |
Apply replication filters |
Only filtered entries replicated |
28 |
Replication with encryption |
Encrypt replication traffic |
Data securely transmitted |
29 |
Replication with compression |
Compress replication data |
Bandwidth optimized |
30 |
Replication with failover |
Fail primary server |
Secondary continues replication |
31 |
Replication with load balancing |
Distribute replication load |
Load balanced across servers |
32 |
Replication with multiple targets |
Replicate to multiple servers |
All targets updated |
33 |
Replication with cloud LDAP |
Replicate to cloud directory |
Cloud updated correctly |
34 |
Replication with hybrid setup |
On-prem to cloud replication |
Hybrid replication successful |
35 |
Replication with schema changes |
Replicate schema updates |
Schema synced |
36 |
Replication with attribute mapping |
Map attributes during replication |
Mapping applied |
37 |
Replication with audit trail |
Track replication changes |
Audit logs available |
38 |
Replication with rollback |
Rollback replicated changes |
Previous state restored |
39 |
Replication with snapshot |
Take snapshot before replication |
Snapshot saved |
40 |
Replication with restore |
Restore from snapshot |
Data restored correctly |
41 |
Replication with throttling |
Limit replication rate |
System remains responsive |
42 |
Replication with priority rules |
Prioritize critical entries |
High-priority entries replicated first |
43 |
Replication with schema mismatch |
Handle schema differences |
Errors logged or resolved |
44 |
Replication with network failure |
Simulate network loss |
Replication retries or pauses |
45 |
Replication with disk failure |
Simulate disk issue |
Replication fails gracefully |
46 |
Replication with memory limits |
Test under low memory |
Replication adapts or fails safely |
47 |
Replication with CPU limits |
Test under high CPU usage |
Replication continues or throttles |
48 |
Replication with monitoring tools |
Integrate with monitoring systems |
Metrics visible |
49 |
Replication with reporting |
Generate replication reports |
Reports accurate and complete |
50 |
Replication compliance check |
Validate against standards |
Replication meets compliance |
Search Capabilities - Testcases
S.No |
Test Case |
Description |
Expected Result |
|---|---|---|---|
1 |
Basic search by CN |
Search using common name (CN) |
Correct entries returned |
2 |
Search by UID |
Search using user ID |
Matching user found |
3 |
Search by email |
Search using email address |
Entry with email returned |
4 |
Search by phone number |
Search using phone attribute |
Entry found |
5 |
Search by department |
Filter by department attribute |
Relevant users listed |
6 |
Search by title |
Filter by job title |
Matching entries returned |
7 |
Search by location |
Filter by location attribute |
Correct entries shown |
8 |
Search by group membership |
Find users in a specific group |
Group members listed |
9 |
Search by objectClass |
Filter by object class |
Entries of that class returned |
10 |
Search by DN |
Search using distinguished name |
Exact entry returned |
11 |
Search with wildcard |
Use wildcard in search filter |
Multiple matching entries returned |
12 |
Search with AND condition |
Combine multiple filters with AND |
Only entries matching all filters |
13 |
Search with OR condition |
Combine filters with OR |
Entries matching any filter |
14 |
Search with NOT condition |
Exclude specific attribute |
Entries without attribute returned |
15 |
Search with substring match |
Partial match on attribute |
Matching entries returned |
16 |
Search with exact match |
Exact value match |
Only exact entries returned |
17 |
Search with case-insensitive match |
Ignore case in filter |
Matches found regardless of case |
18 |
Search with case-sensitive match |
Enforce case sensitivity |
Only exact-case matches returned |
19 |
Search with special characters |
Include special characters in filter |
Matches found correctly |
20 |
Search with UTF-8 characters |
Use non-English characters |
Correct entries returned |
21 |
Search with numeric attributes |
Filter by numeric value |
Matching entries returned |
22 |
Search with date attributes |
Filter by date range |
Entries within range returned |
23 |
Search with boolean attributes |
Filter by true/false values |
Correct entries listed |
24 |
Search with custom attributes |
Use extended schema attributes |
Matches found |
25 |
Search with multiple attribute filters |
Combine several attributes |
Accurate results |
26 |
Search with pagination |
Retrieve results in pages |
All entries accessible |
27 |
Search with sorting |
Sort results by attribute |
Sorted list returned |
28 |
Search with limit |
Limit number of results |
Only specified number returned |
29 |
Search with offset |
Skip initial entries |
Results start from offset |
30 |
Search performance test |
Measure search speed |
Within acceptable latency |
31 |
Search under load |
Perform search with 1000+ users |
System remains responsive |
32 |
Search with invalid filter |
Use malformed filter |
Error shown |
33 |
Search with empty filter |
No filter applied |
All entries returned |
34 |
Search with base DN |
Restrict search to subtree |
Only subtree entries returned |
35 |
Search with scope: base |
Search only base DN |
Single entry returned |
36 |
Search with scope: one |
Search one level below base |
Immediate children returned |
37 |
Search with scope: subtree |
Search entire subtree |
All nested entries returned |
38 |
Search with referral handling |
Handle LDAP referrals |
Referral followed correctly |
39 |
Search with alias dereferencing |
Resolve aliases during search |
Aliased entries returned |
40 |
Search with access control |
Restrict search results by ACL |
Only permitted entries shown |
41 |
Search with expired entries |
Filter out expired users |
Only active entries shown |
42 |
Search with locked accounts |
Identify locked users |
Locked entries listed |
43 |
Search with disabled accounts |
Find disabled users |
Disabled entries returned |
44 |
Search with deleted entries |
Exclude deleted users |
Only active entries shown |
45 |
Search with audit trail |
Log search queries |
Logs generated correctly |
46 |
Search with encryption |
Secure search queries |
Data encrypted in transit |
47 |
Search with replication delay |
Search after replication lag |
Data eventually consistent |
48 |
Search with schema mismatch |
Search with outdated schema |
Error or fallback applied |
49 |
Search with monitoring tools |
Integrate with monitoring |
Search metrics visible |
50 |
Search with reporting |
Generate search usage reports |
Reports accurate and complete |
Reference links