ECC - Elliptic Curve Cryptography

What is ECC?

ECC (Elliptic Curve Cryptography) is an asymmetric encryption method based on elliptic curve mathematics over finite fields. It offers strong security with much smaller key sizes compared to RSA, making it efficient for mobile and embedded systems.

Why is ECC useful?

  • Strong security with small keys – A 256-bit ECC key ≈ 3072-bit RSA key

  • Fast encryption/decryption – Less computation needed

  • Efficient storage/bandwidth – Smaller keys and digital signatures

  • Ideal for constrained devices – Used in mobile, IoT, and embedded systems

How it works

  • Key generation – Private key is randomly chosen; public key is derived using elliptic curve point multiplication

  • Encryption – Sender uses the recipient’s public key and an ephemeral key to encrypt the message

  • Decryption – Recipient uses private key to decrypt the ciphertext

  • Common usages: * ECDSA – For digital signatures * ECDH – For secure key exchange

Where is ECC used?

  • SSL/TLS (HTTPS) – ECC-based digital certificates

  • Digital signatures – ECDSA in blockchain, software signing

  • Cryptocurrencies – Wallets and transaction signing

  • Mobile apps & IoT – Lightweight and energy-efficient security

  • VPNs & tunnels – ECC used in protocols like IKEv2/IPsec

Which OSI layer does this protocol belong to?

  • ECC operates at the Presentation Layer (Layer 6)

  • Handles encryption, decryption, and digital signatures

  • Ensures confidentiality, integrity, and secure formatting of data before reaching the application

Topics in this section,

  • In this section, you are going to learn

  • Terminology

  • Version Info

ECC Version

ECC Number

Year

Core Idea / Contribution

Fundamental ECC Algorithms

RFC 6090

2011

Describes the core mathematical algorithms of ECC, including point addition and scalar multiplication, based on early foundational work.

ECC in OpenPGP

RFC 6637

2012

Introduces ECC support in OpenPGP, including ECDSA and ECDH, for efficient and secure public key encryption.

ECDSA (Digital Signatures)

ANSI X9.62

1999

Defines the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA), widely used in secure communications and digital certificates.

ECC Key Agreement & Transport

ANSI X9.63

2001

Specifies ECC-based key agreement and transport mechanisms, including ECDH.

NIST Digital Signature Standard

FIPS PUB 186-4

2013

Includes ECDSA as a recommended digital signature algorithm for U.S. federal systems.

  • Setup

  • Setup

ECC key Generation Packet

S.No

Protocol Packets

Description

Size(Bytes)

1

ECC Key Generation Packet

Used to generate a public-private key pair based on elliptic curve mathematics.

~160200 Bytes

Private Key

A randomly selected integer within the curves field.

32 (for 256-bit ECC)

Curve Parameters

Defines the elliptic curve (e.g., secp256r1).

~64128

Base Point (G)

A predefined point on the curve used for key generation.

64

Public Key

A point on the curve derived from the private key and base point.

64 (x and y coordinates)

ECC Encryption Packet (ECIES)

S.No

Protocol Packets

Description

Size(Bytes)

2

ECC Encryption Packet (ECIES)

Used to encrypt a message using the recipients public key (Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption Scheme).

~128200+ Bytes

Ephemeral Public Key

A temporary public key generated for this encryption session.

64

Encrypted Symmetric Key

A symmetric key (e.g., AES) encrypted using ECC.

3264

Ciphertext

The actual encrypted message using the symmetric key.

Variable

MAC (Message Auth Code)

Ensures integrity and authenticity of the message.

32

ECC Signture Packet (ECDSA)

S.No

Protocol Packets

Description

Size(Bytes)

3

ECC Signature Packet (ECDSA)

Used to sign data using the private key and verify it using the public key.

~160 Bytes

Message Hash

The hashed message to be signed (e.g., SHA-256).

32

Signature (r, s)

Two integers generated during signing.

64

Public Key

Used for signature verification.

64

S.no

Use Case

Description

1

SSL/TLS (HTTPS)

ECC is used in digital certificates for secure web communication with smaller key sizes and faster performance.

2

Digital Signatures (ECDSA)

ECC enables secure and efficient signing of documents, software, and messages.

3

Cryptocurrency Wallets

ECC secures blockchain transactions and wallet keys (e.g., Bitcoin uses secp256k1).

4

Mobile and IoT Devices

ECC is ideal for constrained environments due to its low computational and memory requirements.

5

Secure Messaging

Apps like Signal and WhatsApp use ECC for end-to-end encryption and key exchange.

6

VPNs and Secure Tunnels

ECC is used in modern VPN protocols (e.g., WireGuard) for fast and secure key exchange.

7

Smart Cards and Tokens

ECC is used in secure authentication and digital identity systems.

8

Email Encryption

ECC is supported in PGP and S/MIME for encrypting and signing emails.

9

Cloud Security

ECC is used in cloud platforms for secure key management and data protection.

10

Secure Boot and Firmware Validation

ECC ensures that only trusted firmware is loaded on devices.

S.no

Feature

Description

1

Asymmetric Key Algorithm

Uses a pair of keys: a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption.

2

Elliptic Curve Mathematics

Based on algebraic structures of elliptic curves over finite fields.

3

Smaller Key Sizes

Provides strong security with much smaller keys compared to RSA (e.g., 256-bit ECC 3072-bit RSA).

4

Efficient Computation

Faster encryption, decryption, and key generation, especially in constrained environments.

5

Digital Signatures (ECDSA)

Supports secure and compact digital signatures for authentication.

6

Key Exchange (ECDH)

Enables secure key exchange without transmitting the actual key.

7

Low Bandwidth & Storage

Smaller keys and signatures reduce data transmission and storage requirements.

8

Ideal for Mobile & IoT

Lightweight and energy-efficient, making it suitable for embedded systems.

9

Widely Standardized

Supported by NIST, ANSI, and RFCs (e.g., RFC 6090, RFC 6637).

10

Used in Modern Protocols

Integrated into SSL/TLS, SSH, PGP, cryptocurrencies, and secure messaging apps.

Asymmetric Key Algorithm - Testcases

#

Test Case

Description

Expected Result

1

Generate ECC Key Pair

Create a public-private key pair using ECC

Keys are generated and conform to ECC standards

2

Validate Public Key Format

Check structure of generated public key

Public key is valid and correctly formatted

3

Validate Private Key Format

Check structure of generated private key

Private key is valid and securely stored

4

Encrypt with Public Key

Encrypt a message using ECC public key

Message is encrypted successfully

5

Decrypt with Private Key

Decrypt message using ECC private key

Original message is recovered

6

Key Pair Uniqueness

Generate multiple key pairs

Each key pair is unique

7

Key Pair Consistency

Ensure public key matches private key

Key pair is mathematically linked

8

Key Serialization PEM

Serialize ECC key pair to PEM format

Keys are correctly serialized

9

Key Deserialization PEM

Load ECC key pair from PEM format

Keys are correctly deserialized

10

Key Serialization DER

Serialize ECC key pair to DER format

Keys are correctly serialized

11

Key Deserialization DER

Load ECC key pair from DER format

Keys are correctly deserialized

12

Use in TLS Handshake

Use ECC keys in TLS handshake

Secure connection established

13

Use in SSH Authentication

Use ECC keys for SSH login

Authentication succeeds

14

Use in JWT Signing

Sign JWT using ECC private key

JWT is signed and verifiable

15

Use in JWT Verification

Verify JWT using ECC public key

JWT signature is valid

16

Key Length Validation

Check ECC key length

Key length matches curve specification

17

Curve Compatibility

Use ECC keys with different curves

Keys work with supported curves

18

Invalid Curve Detection

Use unsupported curve

Error is raised

19

Public Key Export

Export ECC public key

Key is exported in correct format

20

Private Key Export

Export ECC private key

Key is exported securely

21

Public Key Import

Import ECC public key

Key is imported successfully

22

Private Key Import

Import ECC private key

Key is imported securely

23

Key Fingerprint Generation

Generate SHA-256 fingerprint

Fingerprint matches expected

24

Key Rotation

Replace ECC keys periodically

New keys are valid and secure

25

Key Backup

Export ECC key for backup

Backup is secure and restorable

26

Key Restore

Restore ECC key from backup

Key is restored and usable

27

Key Revocation

Revoke ECC key

Key is marked as revoked

28

Key Expiry Check

Check ECC key expiration

Expired keys are invalid

29

Key Usage Flags

Set usage flags in certificate

Flags are correctly defined

30

Key Lifecycle Management

Manage key generation, use, and revocation

Lifecycle matches policy

31

Key Storage Security

Store ECC keys securely

Keys are protected

32

Key Access Control

Restrict access to ECC keys

Unauthorized access is denied

33

Key Audit Logging

Log ECC key usage

Logs are complete and compliant

34

Key Generation Entropy

Use secure entropy source

Keys are unpredictable

35

Key Generation Performance

Measure time to generate ECC key

Performance is acceptable

36

Key Compatibility with OpenSSL

Use ECC keys with OpenSSL

Keys are compatible

37

Key Compatibility with BouncyCastle

Use ECC keys with BouncyCastle

Keys are compatible

38

Key Compatibility with Java

Use ECC keys in Java

Keys are usable in Java environment

39

Key Compatibility with Python

Use ECC keys in Python

Keys are usable in Python environment

40

Key Compatibility with C#

Use ECC keys in C#

Keys are usable in .NET environment

41

Key Compatibility with Go

Use ECC keys in Go

Keys are usable in Go environment

42

Key Compatibility with Node.js

Use ECC keys in Node.js

Keys are usable in Node.js

43

Key Compatibility with Rust

Use ECC keys in Rust

Keys are usable in Rust

44

Key Compatibility with C/C++

Use ECC keys in C/C++

Keys are usable in C/C++

45

Key Compatibility with Android

Use ECC keys in Android app

Keys are usable on Android

46

Key Compatibility with iOS

Use ECC keys in iOS app

Keys are usable on iOS

47

Key Compatibility with WebCrypto

Use ECC keys in browser

Keys are usable via WebCrypto API

48

Key Compatibility with Hardware Token

Use ECC keys in HSM

Keys are usable in hardware

49

Key Compatibility with Smart Card

Use ECC keys in smart card

Keys are usable in smart card

50

Key Compatibility with TPM

Use ECC keys in TPM

Keys are usable in trusted platform module

Elliptic Curve Mathematics - Testcases

#

Test Case

Description

Expected Result

1

Validate Curve Equation

Check if curve satisfies Weierstrass form

Equation is valid

2

Use Prime Field (Fp)

Define curve over a prime field

Curve operates correctly

3

Use Binary Field (F2m)

Define curve over binary field

Curve operates correctly

4

Point Addition

Add two points on the curve

Result is a valid point on the curve

5

Point Doubling

Double a point on the curve

Result is a valid point on the curve

6

Scalar Multiplication

Multiply point by scalar

Result is a valid point on the curve

7

Use Generator Point

Use base point G for operations

G lies on the curve

8

Validate Point on Curve

Check if a point lies on the curve

Point satisfies curve equation

9

Invalid Point Detection

Use point not on curve

Error is raised

10

Use NIST P-256 Parameters

Use standard curve parameters

Curve is initialized correctly

11

Use NIST P-384 Parameters

Use standard curve parameters

Curve is initialized correctly

12

Use NIST P-521 Parameters

Use standard curve parameters

Curve is initialized correctly

13

Use secp256k1 Parameters

Use Bitcoin curve parameters

Curve is initialized correctly

14

Use Curve25519

Use modern curve for ECDH

Curve operations succeed

15

Use Ed25519

Use modern curve for EdDSA

Curve operations succeed

16

Modular Inversion

Compute inverse modulo p

Correct inverse is returned

17

Modular Multiplication

Multiply two numbers modulo p

Result is correct

18

Modular Addition

Add two numbers modulo p

Result is correct

19

Modular Subtraction

Subtract two numbers modulo p

Result is correct

20

Point at Infinity

Handle identity element in group

Result is neutral element

21

Associativity of Point Addition

Verify (P + Q) + R = P + (Q + R)

Associativity holds

22

Commutativity of Point Addition

Verify P + Q = Q + P

Commutativity holds

23

Distributivity of Scalar Multiplication

Verify a(P + Q) = aP + aQ

Distributivity holds

24

Negative Point

Compute -P

Result is valid inverse

25

Point Subtraction

Compute P - Q

Result is valid point

26

Use Cofactor

Use cofactor in key generation

Keys are secure

27

Validate Curve Order

Check total number of points on curve

Order matches specification

28

Use Large Prime Modulus

Use 256-bit or larger prime

Curve is secure

29

Use Small Prime Modulus

Use small prime for testing

Curve works for test purposes

30

Use Custom Curve

Define and use custom curve

Curve operations succeed

31

Curve Parameter Validation

Validate a, b, p parameters

Parameters are valid

32

Use in ECDSA

Use curve for digital signature

Signature is valid

33

Use in ECDH

Use curve for key exchange

Shared secret is correct

34

Use in ECIES

Use curve for encryption

Message is encrypted/decrypted

35

Use in EdDSA

Use Edwards curve for signing

Signature is valid

36

Use in X25519

Use curve for key agreement

Shared secret is correct

37

Curve Security Level

Evaluate bits of security

Meets required level

38

Curve Parameter Export

Export curve parameters

Parameters match standard

39

Curve Parameter Import

Import curve parameters

Curve is initialized correctly

40

Curve Compatibility Check

Use curve with cryptographic library

Curve is supported

41

Curve Performance Benchmark

Measure time for scalar multiplication

Performance is acceptable

42

Curve Memory Usage

Measure memory used for operations

Usage is within limits

43

Curve Interoperability

Use curve across platforms

Operations succeed

44

Curve Compliance

Check compliance with FIPS/NIST

Curve is compliant

45

Curve Attack Resistance

Evaluate resistance to known attacks

Curve is secure

46

Curve Parameter Tampering

Modify curve parameters

Operations fail or raise error

47

Curve Point Compression

Compress and decompress point

Point is restored correctly

48

Curve Point Encoding

Encode point to byte format

Encoding is correct

49

Curve Point Decoding

Decode point from byte format

Decoding is correct

50

Curve Parameter Documentation

Reference curve in documentation

Matches official specification

Smaller Key Sizes - Testcases

#

Test Case

Description

Expected Result

1

Compare ECC 256-bit vs RSA 3072-bit

Benchmark encryption speed

ECC is faster or comparable

2

Compare ECC 256-bit vs RSA 3072-bit

Benchmark decryption speed

ECC is faster or comparable

3

Compare ECC 256-bit vs RSA 3072-bit

Benchmark signature generation

ECC is faster

4

Compare ECC 256-bit vs RSA 3072-bit

Benchmark signature verification

ECC is faster or comparable

5

Compare ECC 256-bit vs RSA 3072-bit

Compare key size in bytes

ECC key is significantly smaller

6

Compare ECC 384-bit vs RSA 7680-bit

Compare security equivalence

ECC provides equivalent security

7

ECC Key Storage Size

Measure disk space used

ECC uses less space

8

ECC Key Transmission Size

Measure size over network

ECC uses less bandwidth

9

ECC Certificate Size

Compare ECC vs RSA certificates

ECC certificate is smaller

10

ECC in TLS Handshake

Use ECC in TLS

Handshake is faster and uses smaller keys

11

ECC in SSH Authentication

Use ECC keys for SSH login

Authentication succeeds with smaller keys

12

ECC in JWT

Sign JWT with ECC

Token size is smaller

13

ECC in IoT Devices

Use ECC on constrained devices

ECC works efficiently

14

ECC in Smart Cards

Store ECC keys on smart card

Keys fit within memory limits

15

ECC in Mobile Devices

Use ECC in mobile apps

Performance is optimal

16

ECC in Embedded Systems

Use ECC in microcontrollers

ECC operates within resource limits

17

ECC Key Generation Time

Measure time to generate ECC key

Time is acceptable

18

ECC Key Comparison

Compare ECC key with RSA key visually

ECC key is shorter

19

ECC Key Export

Export ECC key

File size is small

20

ECC Key Import

Import ECC key

File loads quickly

21

ECC Key in X.509 Certificate

Use ECC key in certificate

Certificate is smaller

22

ECC Key in CSR

Use ECC key in CSR

Request is smaller

23

ECC Key in S/MIME

Use ECC for email encryption

Message size is reduced

24

ECC Key in Code Signing

Sign software with ECC

Signature is compact

25

ECC Key in Blockchain

Use ECC for wallet keys

Keys are efficient

26

ECC Key in DNSSEC

Use ECC for DNSSEC signing

Zone file is smaller

27

ECC Key in VPN

Use ECC in VPN tunnel

Tunnel setup is faster

28

ECC Key in PDF Signing

Sign PDF with ECC

File size increases minimally

29

ECC Key in Document Signing

Sign Word/Excel documents

Signature is compact

30

ECC Key in Firmware Signing

Sign firmware with ECC

Signature fits in memory

31

ECC Key in Secure Boot

Use ECC for bootloader verification

Boot process is secure and efficient

32

ECC Key in TPM

Store ECC key in TPM

Key fits within TPM limits

33

ECC Key in HSM

Store ECC key in HSM

Key is supported and efficient

34

ECC Key in WebAuthn

Use ECC for FIDO2/WebAuthn

Authentication is fast

35

ECC Key in NFC

Use ECC in NFC communication

Data fits in payload

36

ECC Key in QR Code

Encode ECC public key in QR code

QR code is scannable

37

ECC Key in Email Headers

Include ECC key in email headers

Header size is acceptable

38

ECC Key in JSON Web Key (JWK)

Represent ECC key in JWK format

JSON is compact

39

ECC Key in COSE

Use ECC in CBOR Object Signing

Payload is small

40

ECC Key in Bluetooth LE

Use ECC for pairing

Pairing is fast and secure

41

ECC Key in Zigbee

Use ECC in Zigbee security

Works within protocol limits

42

ECC Key in LoRaWAN

Use ECC in LoRaWAN

Efficient for low-bandwidth

43

ECC Key in Satellite Communication

Use ECC in space-constrained systems

ECC is suitable

44

ECC Key in Automotive Systems

Use ECC in vehicle ECUs

ECC fits memory and performance constraints

45

ECC Key in Payment Terminals

Use ECC in POS devices

Transactions are secure and fast

46

ECC Key in Smart Meters

Use ECC in energy metering

Secure and efficient

47

ECC Key in Medical Devices

Use ECC in pacemakers, monitors

ECC is lightweight

48

ECC Key in Wearables

Use ECC in smartwatches

ECC is efficient

49

ECC Key in Drones

Use ECC for secure drone communication

ECC ensures secure control

50

ECC Key in Secure Messaging

Use ECC in Signal/WhatsApp

Messages are encrypted with small keys

Efficient Computation - Testcases

#

Test Case

Description

Expected Result

1

ECC Key Generation Speed

Measure time to generate ECC key

Key generated quickly

2

ECC Encryption Speed

Measure time to encrypt data

Encryption is fast

3

ECC Decryption Speed

Measure time to decrypt data

Decryption is fast

4

ECC Signature Generation Speed

Measure time to sign data

Signature is generated quickly

5

ECC Signature Verification Speed

Measure time to verify signature

Verification is fast

6

ECC on Mobile Device

Run ECC operations on smartphone

Operations complete efficiently

7

ECC on IoT Device

Run ECC on constrained IoT hardware

ECC performs well

8

ECC on Microcontroller

Run ECC on MCU (e.g., ARM Cortex-M)

ECC is usable

9

ECC on Smart Card

Perform ECC operations

ECC works within limits

10

ECC on Embedded Linux

Run ECC on embedded Linux board

ECC is responsive

11

ECC on Raspberry Pi

Benchmark ECC performance

ECC is efficient

12

ECC on Android

Use ECC in Android app

ECC operations succeed

13

ECC on iOS

Use ECC in iOS app

ECC operations succeed

14

ECC in WebAssembly

Run ECC in browser via WASM

ECC is fast

15

ECC in JavaScript

Run ECC in browser via JS

ECC is responsive

16

ECC in Python

Run ECC using Python cryptography

ECC is efficient

17

ECC in C/C++

Run ECC using OpenSSL

ECC is fast

18

ECC in Java

Run ECC using BouncyCastle

ECC is efficient

19

ECC in Go

Run ECC using Go crypto library

ECC is responsive

20

ECC in Rust

Run ECC using Rust crypto crate

ECC is fast

21

ECC in Node.js

Run ECC using node-crypto

ECC is efficient

22

ECC in .NET

Run ECC using C#

ECC is responsive

23

ECC in TPM

Run ECC in Trusted Platform Module

ECC operations succeed

24

ECC in HSM

Run ECC in Hardware Security Module

ECC is fast

25

ECC in Secure Boot

Use ECC for bootloader verification

Boot is secure and fast

26

ECC in Firmware Signing

Sign firmware with ECC

Signature is generated quickly

27

ECC in VPN

Use ECC in VPN tunnel setup

Tunnel is established quickly

28

ECC in TLS

Use ECC in TLS handshake

Handshake is fast

29

ECC in SSH

Use ECC for SSH authentication

Login is fast

30

ECC in Messaging

Use ECC in secure messaging apps

Messages are encrypted quickly

31

ECC in Email

Use ECC in S/MIME

Email is signed/encrypted efficiently

32

ECC in Blockchain

Use ECC for wallet operations

Transactions are fast

33

ECC in NFC

Use ECC in near-field communication

ECC is responsive

34

ECC in QR Code

Encode ECC key in QR code

Code is generated quickly

35

ECC in Smartwatch

Use ECC in wearable device

ECC performs well

36

ECC in Drone

Use ECC for secure drone control

ECC is responsive

37

ECC in Automotive ECU

Use ECC in vehicle systems

ECC is efficient

38

ECC in Smart Meter

Use ECC in energy metering

ECC is fast

39

ECC in Medical Device

Use ECC in pacemaker or monitor

ECC is lightweight

40

ECC in Payment Terminal

Use ECC in POS device

Transactions are quick

41

ECC in Satellite

Use ECC in space-constrained systems

ECC is suitable

42

ECC in Zigbee

Use ECC in Zigbee protocol

ECC is efficient

43

ECC in LoRaWAN

Use ECC in low-bandwidth networks

ECC performs well

44

ECC in Wi-Fi

Use ECC in WPA3 handshake

ECC is fast

45

ECC in Bluetooth

Use ECC in Bluetooth pairing

Pairing is quick

46

ECC in WebAuthn

Use ECC in FIDO2 authentication

Login is fast

47

ECC in Docker Container

Run ECC in containerized app

ECC is responsive

48

ECC in Virtual Machine

Run ECC in VM

ECC performs well

49

ECC in Cloud Function

Run ECC in serverless function

ECC is fast

50

ECC in CI/CD Pipeline

Use ECC in automated signing

Signing is efficient

Digital Signatures (ECDSA) - Testcases

#

Test Case

Description

Expected Result

1

Generate ECDSA Key Pair

Create ECC key pair for signing

Keys are generated successfully

2

Sign Message with ECDSA

Use private key to sign a message

Signature is generated

3

Verify ECDSA Signature

Use public key to verify signature

Signature is valid

4

Tampered Message Detection

Modify signed message

Signature verification fails

5

Tampered Signature Detection

Modify signature

Verification fails

6

Use SHA-256 with ECDSA

Sign message using SHA-256 hash

Signature is valid

7

Use SHA-384 with ECDSA

Sign message using SHA-384 hash

Signature is valid

8

Use SHA-512 with ECDSA

Sign message using SHA-512 hash

Signature is valid

9

Use NIST P-256 Curve

Sign and verify using P-256 curve

Signature is valid

10

Use NIST P-384 Curve

Sign and verify using P-384 curve

Signature is valid

11

Use NIST P-521 Curve

Sign and verify using P-521 curve

Signature is valid

12

Use secp256k1 Curve

Sign and verify using secp256k1

Signature is valid

13

Use Ed25519 for Signing

Sign using EdDSA

Signature is valid

14

Use Ed25519 for Verification

Verify EdDSA signature

Signature is valid

15

Export ECDSA Signature

Export signature to DER format

Format is correct

16

Import ECDSA Signature

Import signature from DER format

Signature is parsed correctly

17

Use Compact Signature Format

Use r

18

Use ASN.1 Signature Format

Use ASN.1 encoded signature

Signature is valid

19

Signature Length Check

Check size of ECDSA signature

Signature is compact

20

Signature with Long Message

Sign large message

Signature is valid

21

Signature with Short Message

Sign short message

Signature is valid

22

Signature with Empty Message

Sign empty message

Signature is valid

23

Signature with Non-ASCII Data

Sign binary data

Signature is valid

24

Signature with Unicode Data

Sign Unicode string

Signature is valid

25

Signature Verification Failure

Use wrong public key

Verification fails

26

Signature Replay Detection

Reuse signature on different message

Verification fails

27

Signature Timestamping

Include timestamp in signed data

Timestamp is verifiable

28

Signature in JWT

Use ECDSA to sign JWT

Token is valid

29

Signature in X.509 Certificate

Use ECDSA in certificate

Certificate is valid

30

Signature in PDF

Sign PDF document with ECDSA

Signature is valid

31

Signature in Email

Sign email using S/MIME

Signature is valid

32

Signature in Code Signing

Sign software binary

Signature is valid

33

Signature in Blockchain

Sign transaction

Signature is valid

34

Signature in IoT Device

Sign data on constrained device

Signature is valid

35

Signature in Smart Card

Use smart card to sign

Signature is valid

36

Signature in TPM

Use TPM to sign data

Signature is valid

37

Signature in HSM

Use HSM to sign data

Signature is valid

38

Signature in WebAuthn

Use ECDSA in FIDO2 authentication

Signature is valid

39

Signature in TLS Handshake

Use ECDSA in TLS

Handshake completes successfully

40

Signature in SSH

Use ECDSA for SSH authentication

Login is successful

41

Signature in VPN

Use ECDSA in VPN certificate

Tunnel is established

42

Signature in Mobile App

Use ECDSA in Android/iOS app

Signature is valid

43

Signature in Browser

Use ECDSA in WebCrypto API

Signature is valid

44

Signature in Docker

Sign container image

Signature is verifiable

45

Signature in CI/CD Pipeline

Use ECDSA in automated signing

Signature is valid

46

Signature in Git

Sign Git commits

Signature is verifiable

47

Signature in Blockchain Wallet

Sign wallet transaction

Signature is valid

48

Signature in NFC

Sign NFC data

Signature is valid

49

Signature in QR Code

Encode signed data in QR code

Signature is valid

50

Signature in Secure Messaging

Use ECDSA in Signal/WhatsApp

Messages are authenticated

Key Exchange (ECDH) - Testcases

#

Test Case

Description

Expected Result

1

Generate ECDH Key Pair

Create ECC key pair for key exchange

Keys are generated successfully

2

Derive Shared Secret

Use private key and peer public key

Shared secret is derived

3

Shared Secret Consistency

Compare secrets on both sides

Secrets match

4

Use NIST P-256 Curve

Perform ECDH with P-256

Shared secret is valid

5

Use NIST P-384 Curve

Perform ECDH with P-384

Shared secret is valid

6

Use NIST P-521 Curve

Perform ECDH with P-521

Shared secret is valid

7

Use secp256k1 Curve

Perform ECDH with secp256k1

Shared secret is valid

8

Use Curve25519

Perform ECDH with X25519

Shared secret is valid

9

Use Ed25519 for ECDH

Attempt ECDH with Ed25519

Not supported (Ed25519 is for signing)

10

Use Invalid Public Key

Use malformed public key

Error is raised

11

Use Mismatched Curves

Use different curves on each side

Key exchange fails

12

Use Compressed Public Key

Use compressed format for public key

Shared secret is valid

13

Use Uncompressed Public Key

Use uncompressed format

Shared secret is valid

14

Export Shared Secret

Export derived secret

Secret is correctly exported

15

Import Peer Public Key

Load peers public key

Key is imported successfully

16

Use in TLS Handshake

Use ECDH in TLS

Secure connection established

17

Use in SSH Key Exchange

Use ECDH in SSH

Session key is derived

18

Use in VPN Tunnel

Use ECDH in VPN

Tunnel is established securely

19

Use in Mobile App

Perform ECDH on mobile device

Key exchange succeeds

20

Use in IoT Device

Perform ECDH on constrained device

Key exchange succeeds

21

Use in Smart Card

Perform ECDH using smart card

Shared secret is derived

22

Use in TPM

Perform ECDH using TPM

Shared secret is derived

23

Use in HSM

Perform ECDH using HSM

Shared secret is derived

24

Use in WebCrypto API

Perform ECDH in browser

Shared secret is derived

25

Use in JavaScript

Perform ECDH using JS library

Shared secret is derived

26

Use in Python

Perform ECDH using Python cryptography

Shared secret is derived

27

Use in Java

Perform ECDH using BouncyCastle

Shared secret is derived

28

Use in C/C++

Perform ECDH using OpenSSL

Shared secret is derived

29

Use in Go

Perform ECDH using Go crypto

Shared secret is derived

30

Use in Rust

Perform ECDH using Rust crypto

Shared secret is derived

31

Use in Node.js

Perform ECDH using node-crypto

Shared secret is derived

32

Use in .NET

Perform ECDH using C#

Shared secret is derived

33

Use in Docker

Perform ECDH in container

Key exchange succeeds

34

Use in Virtual Machine

Perform ECDH in VM

Key exchange succeeds

35

Use in Cloud Function

Perform ECDH in serverless environment

Key exchange succeeds

36

Use in CI/CD Pipeline

Perform ECDH in automated test

Shared secret is valid

37

Use in Bluetooth Pairing

Use ECDH in BLE pairing

Devices pair securely

38

Use in NFC

Use ECDH in NFC communication

Shared secret is derived

39

Use in QR Code Exchange

Exchange public keys via QR code

Shared secret is derived

40

Use in Secure Messaging

Use ECDH in Signal/WhatsApp

Messages are encrypted securely

41

Use in Blockchain Wallet

Use ECDH for shared wallet secret

Secret is derived securely

42

Use in Secure Email

Use ECDH in S/MIME

Email is encrypted securely

43

Use in PDF Encryption

Use ECDH to encrypt PDF

File is protected

44

Use in Document Collaboration

Use ECDH for shared document access

Access is secure

45

Use in Secure File Transfer

Use ECDH in file transfer protocol

Files are encrypted securely

46

Use in Secure Boot

Use ECDH to derive boot keys

Boot process is secure

47

Use in Firmware Update

Use ECDH to encrypt firmware

Update is secure

48

Use in Smart Home Devices

Use ECDH for device pairing

Devices connect securely

49

Use in Automotive Systems

Use ECDH in vehicle-to-vehicle communication

Communication is secure

50

Use in Satellite Communication

Use ECDH in space-constrained systems

Key exchange succeeds

Low Bandwidth & Storage - Testcases

#

Test Case

Description

Expected Result

1

Compare ECC vs RSA Key Size

Measure key size in bytes

ECC key is significantly smaller

2

Compare ECC vs RSA Signature Size

Measure signature size

ECC signature is smaller

3

ECC Certificate Size

Generate ECC-based certificate

Certificate is compact

4

ECC CSR Size

Generate ECC certificate signing request

CSR is smaller than RSA

5

ECC Key Export File Size

Export ECC key to file

File size is small

6

ECC Signature in Email

Sign email with ECC

Email size increases minimally

7

ECC Signature in PDF

Sign PDF with ECC

File size remains small

8

ECC Signature in JWT

Sign JWT with ECC

Token is compact

9

ECC Signature in XML

Sign XML document

Signature is compact

10

ECC Signature in JSON

Sign JSON payload

Signature is compact

11

ECC Key in QR Code

Encode ECC public key in QR code

QR code is scannable

12

ECC Key in NFC

Transmit ECC key over NFC

Transmission is fast

13

ECC Key in BLE

Use ECC in Bluetooth Low Energy

Data fits in BLE packet

14

ECC Key in Zigbee

Use ECC in Zigbee protocol

ECC fits within payload limits

15

ECC Key in LoRaWAN

Use ECC in LoRaWAN

ECC fits low-bandwidth constraints

16

ECC Key in SMS

Transmit ECC key via SMS

Message fits within limit

17

ECC Key in Satellite Uplink

Use ECC in satellite communication

ECC fits narrowband channel

18

ECC Key in IoT Device

Store ECC key on constrained device

Key fits in memory

19

ECC Signature in IoT Device

Store ECC signature

Signature fits in memory

20

ECC Key in Smart Card

Store ECC key in smart card

Key fits in storage

21

ECC Key in TPM

Store ECC key in TPM

Key fits in secure memory

22

ECC Key in HSM

Store ECC key in HSM

Key is stored efficiently

23

ECC Key in Wearable

Use ECC in smartwatch

Key fits in device memory

24

ECC Key in Medical Device

Use ECC in pacemaker or monitor

Key fits in memory

25

ECC Key in Automotive ECU

Use ECC in vehicle system

Key fits in flash memory

26

ECC Key in Payment Terminal

Use ECC in POS device

Key fits in secure element

27

ECC Key in Smart Meter

Use ECC in energy meter

Key fits in memory

28

ECC Key in Drone

Use ECC in drone communication

Key fits in onboard memory

29

ECC Key in NFC Tag

Store ECC key in NFC tag

Key fits in tag memory

30

ECC Key in RFID

Use ECC in RFID tag

Key fits in tag memory

31

ECC Key in USB Token

Store ECC key in USB token

Key fits in secure storage

32

ECC Key in SIM Card

Store ECC key in SIM

Key fits in SIM memory

33

ECC Key in Secure Messaging

Use ECC in Signal/WhatsApp

Messages are small

34

ECC Key in Secure File Transfer

Use ECC in SFTP/FTPS

Overhead is minimal

35

ECC Key in TLS Handshake

Use ECC in TLS

Handshake packets are smaller

36

ECC Key in SSH

Use ECC in SSH authentication

Key exchange is efficient

37

ECC Key in VPN

Use ECC in VPN tunnel setup

Tunnel setup is fast

38

ECC Key in WebAuthn

Use ECC in FIDO2 authentication

Data sent is minimal

39

ECC Key in WebCrypto API

Use ECC in browser

Data usage is low

40

ECC Key in JSON Web Key (JWK)

Represent ECC key in JWK

JSON is compact

41

ECC Key in COSE

Use ECC in CBOR Object Signing

Payload is small

42

ECC Key in Docker Image

Sign image with ECC

Signature adds minimal size

43

ECC Key in Git Commit

Sign Git commit with ECC

Commit size is small

44

ECC Key in CI/CD Pipeline

Use ECC in automated signing

Artifacts remain small

45

ECC Key in Cloud Function

Use ECC in serverless function

Cold start is fast

46

ECC Key in Virtual Machine

Use ECC in VM

ECC uses less memory

47

ECC Key in Container

Use ECC in Docker container

ECC uses less storage

48

ECC Key in Email Header

Include ECC key in header

Header size is small

49

ECC Key in DNSSEC

Use ECC in DNSSEC

Zone file is smaller

50

ECC Key in Blockchain Wallet

Use ECC for wallet keys

Keys are compact and efficient

Ideal for Mobile & IoT - Testcases

#

Test Case

Description

Expected Result

1

ECC Key Generation on Mobile

Generate ECC key on smartphone

Key generated quickly

2

ECC Key Generation on IoT Device

Generate ECC key on microcontroller

Key generated successfully

3

ECC Signature on Mobile

Sign data using ECC on mobile

Signature is valid

4

ECC Signature on IoT Device

Sign data using ECC on embedded device

Signature is valid

5

ECC Verification on Mobile

Verify ECC signature on smartphone

Verification succeeds

6

ECC Verification on IoT Device

Verify ECC signature on constrained device

Verification succeeds

7

ECC Encryption on Mobile

Encrypt data using ECC

Encryption is fast

8

ECC Decryption on Mobile

Decrypt data using ECC

Decryption is fast

9

ECC Key Exchange on Mobile

Perform ECDH key exchange

Shared secret is derived

10

ECC Key Exchange on IoT Device

Perform ECDH on embedded system

Shared secret is derived

11

ECC in BLE Pairing

Use ECC in Bluetooth Low Energy

Devices pair securely

12

ECC in NFC Communication

Use ECC in NFC-enabled device

Secure communication established

13

ECC in Zigbee

Use ECC in Zigbee protocol

ECC operations succeed

14

ECC in LoRaWAN

Use ECC in low-power wide-area network

ECC is efficient

15

ECC in Smartwatch

Use ECC in wearable device

ECC performs efficiently

16

ECC in Smart Meter

Use ECC in energy metering device

ECC is responsive

17

ECC in Smart Home Hub

Use ECC in home automation controller

Secure communication established

18

ECC in Smart Lock

Use ECC in door lock system

Lock/unlock securely

19

ECC in Smart Light

Use ECC in smart lighting system

Commands are authenticated

20

ECC in Smart Thermostat

Use ECC in temperature control device

Secure control enabled

21

ECC in Smart Camera

Use ECC in IP camera

Secure video stream setup

22

ECC in Smart Plug

Use ECC in power control device

Secure switching enabled

23

ECC in Smart TV

Use ECC in connected television

Secure app communication

24

ECC in Smart Speaker

Use ECC in voice assistant

Secure command processing

25

ECC in Smart Refrigerator

Use ECC in connected fridge

Secure data transmission

26

ECC in Smart Washing Machine

Use ECC in connected appliance

Secure control enabled

27

ECC in Smart Doorbell

Use ECC in video doorbell

Secure video and alerts

28

ECC in Smart Garage Opener

Use ECC in garage system

Secure access control

29

ECC in Smart Irrigation System

Use ECC in garden automation

Secure scheduling

30

ECC in Smart Alarm System

Use ECC in security system

Secure alerts and logs

31

ECC in Smart Health Monitor

Use ECC in wearable health tracker

Secure health data

32

ECC in Smart Glasses

Use ECC in AR/VR glasses

Secure app communication

33

ECC in Smart Helmet

Use ECC in connected safety gear

Secure telemetry

34

ECC in Smart Bike Lock

Use ECC in bike security system

Secure unlock

35

ECC in Smart Scooter

Use ECC in e-scooter

Secure ride activation

36

ECC in Smart Car Key

Use ECC in digital car key

Secure vehicle access

37

ECC in Smart Traffic Light

Use ECC in traffic control system

Secure signal updates

38

ECC in Smart Parking Meter

Use ECC in parking system

Secure payment and control

39

ECC in Smart Grid Node

Use ECC in energy grid device

Secure data exchange

40

ECC in Smart Factory Sensor

Use ECC in industrial IoT sensor

Secure telemetry

41

ECC in Smart Warehouse Robot

Use ECC in logistics automation

Secure navigation commands

42

ECC in Smart Agriculture Sensor

Use ECC in soil/moisture sensor

Secure data collection

43

ECC in Smart Drone

Use ECC in UAV communication

Secure flight control

44

ECC in Smart Beacon

Use ECC in location beacon

Secure broadcast

45

ECC in Smart Badge

Use ECC in employee ID badge

Secure access control

46

ECC in Smart Payment Terminal

Use ECC in mobile POS

Secure transactions

47

ECC in Smart Vending Machine

Use ECC in automated retail

Secure payment and inventory

48

ECC in Smart Elevator System

Use ECC in building automation

Secure floor access

49

ECC in Smart HVAC System

Use ECC in air conditioning control

Secure temperature regulation

50

ECC in Smart City Infrastructure

Use ECC in urban IoT systems

Secure and efficient communication

Widely Standardized - Testcases

#

Test Case

Description

Expected Result

1

Use NIST P-256 Curve

Generate key using NIST P-256

Curve matches NIST standard

2

Use NIST P-384 Curve

Generate key using NIST P-384

Curve matches NIST standard

3

Use NIST P-521 Curve

Generate key using NIST P-521

Curve matches NIST standard

4

Use secp256k1 Curve

Generate key using SECG curve

Curve matches SECG standard

5

Use Curve25519

Generate key using RFC 7748 curve

Curve matches RFC 7748

6

Use Ed25519

Generate key using RFC 8032 curve

Curve matches RFC 8032

7

Use RFC 6090 Guidelines

Implement ECC operations per RFC 6090

Operations conform to RFC

8

Use RFC 6637 for OpenPGP

Use ECC in OpenPGP encryption

Keys and messages conform to RFC

9

Use RFC 5480 for X.509

Encode ECC public key in certificate

Format matches RFC 5480

10

Use RFC 5753 for CMS

Use ECC in Cryptographic Message Syntax

Message conforms to RFC

11

Use RFC 7748 for X25519

Perform ECDH using X25519

Key exchange conforms to RFC

12

Use RFC 8032 for EdDSA

Perform signing using Ed25519

Signature conforms to RFC

13

Use RFC 8422 for TLS

Use ECC in TLS 1.3 handshake

Handshake conforms to RFC

14

Use RFC 7027 for JOSE

Use ECC in JSON Object Signing

Signature conforms to RFC

15

Use RFC 7518 for JWK

Represent ECC key in JSON Web Key

Format matches RFC

16

Use RFC 8410 for PKIX

Use ECC in public key infrastructure

Format matches RFC

17

Use FIPS 186-4

Generate ECC keys per FIPS

Keys are compliant

18

Use FIPS 140-3

Use ECC in validated crypto module

Module is compliant

19

Use ANSI X9.62

Perform ECDSA signing

Signature conforms to ANSI

20

Use ANSI X9.63

Perform ECDH key exchange

Exchange conforms to ANSI

21

Use SECG SEC 1

Use ECC key format from SEC 1

Format is valid

22

Use SECG SEC 2

Use recommended curves

Curve parameters match SEC 2

23

Use ISO/IEC 15946

Implement ECC per ISO standard

Implementation is compliant

24

Use ISO/IEC 18033

Use ECC in public key encryption

Algorithm is compliant

25

Validate ASN.1 Encoding

Encode ECC keys in ASN.1

Encoding matches standard

26

Validate DER Encoding

Export ECC key in DER format

Format is valid

27

Validate PEM Encoding

Export ECC key in PEM format

Format is valid

28

Use Standard Key Usage Flags

Define key usage in certificate

Flags match X.509 standard

29

Use Standard Certificate Extensions

Include ECC extensions in cert

Extensions are valid

30

Use Standard Signature Algorithm OID

Use correct OID for ECDSA

OID is recognized

31

Use Standard Curve OID

Use correct OID for named curve

OID is recognized

32

Use Standard Compliance Test Suite

Run ECC test suite

All tests pass

33

Use Standard Crypto Library

Use OpenSSL, BouncyCastle, etc.

Library supports ECC standards

34

Use Standard API

Use Java, Python, or C# crypto APIs

API conforms to ECC specs

35

Use Standard Certificate Authority

Issue ECC certificate from CA

Certificate is valid

36

Use Standard CSR Format

Generate ECC CSR

Format matches PKCS #10

37

Use Standard Signature Format

Use ECDSA signature in DER

Signature is verifiable

38

Use Standard Key Validation

Validate ECC key parameters

Key is valid

39

Use Standard Key Derivation

Derive key using ECDH

Result is compliant

40

Use Standard Padding Scheme

Use ECIES with standard padding

Padding is valid

41

Use Standard Certificate Chain

Validate ECC cert chain

Chain is valid

42

Use Standard Secure Transport

Use ECC in TLS/SSH

Protocol is secure

43

Use Standard Audit Logging

Log ECC operations

Logs are compliant

44

Use Standard Key Revocation

Revoke ECC cert using CRL/OCSP

Revocation is valid

45

Use Standard Key Rotation

Rotate ECC keys periodically

Policy is followed

46

Use Standard Key Backup

Backup ECC keys securely

Backup is compliant

47

Use Standard Key Destruction

Destroy ECC keys securely

Destruction is compliant

48

Use Standard Interoperability Test

Exchange ECC keys across systems

Keys are compatible

49

Use Standard Documentation

Refer to NIST, RFCs, ANSI docs

Implementation matches

50

Use Standard Compliance Policy

Follow FIPS/NIST/ISO guidelines

ECC implementation is accepted

Used in Modern Protocols - Testcases

#

Test Case

Description

Expected Result

1

ECC in TLS Handshake

Use ECC in HTTPS connection

Secure connection established

2

ECC in TLS 1.3

Use ECC in TLS 1.3

Handshake completes successfully

3

ECC in TLS 1.2

Use ECC in TLS 1.2

Handshake completes successfully

4

ECC in SSH Authentication

Use ECC key for SSH login

Authentication succeeds

5

ECC in OpenSSH

Use ECDSA key in OpenSSH

Key is accepted and used

6

ECC in PGP Key Generation

Generate ECC key for OpenPGP

Key is valid

7

ECC in PGP Encryption

Encrypt message using ECC key in PGP

Message is encrypted securely

8

ECC in PGP Signature

Sign message using ECC key in PGP

Signature is valid

9

ECC in Signal Protocol

Use ECC in Signal messaging

Messages are encrypted securely

10

ECC in WhatsApp

Use ECC in WhatsApp messaging

Messages are encrypted securely

11

ECC in Matrix Protocol

Use ECC in Matrix messaging

Secure communication established

12

ECC in Wire Protocol

Use ECC in Wire secure messaging

Messages are encrypted securely

13

ECC in Cryptocurrency Wallet

Use ECC for wallet key pair

Transactions are signed securely

14

ECC in Bitcoin

Use secp256k1 for Bitcoin transactions

Signature is valid

15

ECC in Ethereum

Use secp256k1 for Ethereum wallet

Transactions are valid

16

ECC in Monero

Use ECC for privacy-preserving transactions

Transactions are secure

17

ECC in Litecoin

Use ECC for wallet and signing

Transactions are valid

18

ECC in Blockchain Node

Use ECC in node-to-node communication

Secure channel established

19

ECC in VPN Tunnel

Use ECC in VPN key exchange

Tunnel is secure

20

ECC in IPsec

Use ECC in IPsec IKEv2

Key exchange succeeds

21

ECC in S/MIME

Use ECC for email encryption

Email is encrypted and signed

22

ECC in DNSSEC

Use ECC for DNS record signing

Records are verifiable

23

ECC in WebAuthn

Use ECC in FIDO2 authentication

Login is secure

24

ECC in FIDO U2F

Use ECC in U2F token

Authentication succeeds

25

ECC in TPM

Use ECC in Trusted Platform Module

Keys are generated and used securely

26

ECC in HSM

Use ECC in Hardware Security Module

Keys are protected and used

27

ECC in Secure Boot

Use ECC to verify bootloader

Boot process is secure

28

ECC in Firmware Signing

Sign firmware with ECC

Firmware is verified

29

ECC in PDF Signing

Use ECC to sign PDF document

Signature is valid

30

ECC in Document Signing

Use ECC to sign Word/Excel files

Signature is valid

31

ECC in Git Commit Signing

Sign Git commits with ECC

Signature is verifiable

32

ECC in Docker Image Signing

Sign container image with ECC

Signature is valid

33

ECC in CI/CD Pipeline

Use ECC in automated build signing

Artifacts are signed securely

34

ECC in Secure File Transfer

Use ECC in SFTP/FTPS

Files are transferred securely

35

ECC in Secure Email Gateway

Use ECC in mail server

Emails are encrypted and signed

36

ECC in WebRTC

Use ECC in peer-to-peer video/audio

Secure connection established

37

ECC in MQTT over TLS

Use ECC in IoT messaging

Messages are encrypted

38

ECC in CoAP over DTLS

Use ECC in constrained IoT protocol

Secure communication established

39

ECC in Smart Contracts

Use ECC in blockchain smart contracts

Transactions are signed securely

40

ECC in NFC Payment

Use ECC in contactless payment

Transaction is secure

41

ECC in Mobile Banking App

Use ECC in app authentication

Login is secure

42

ECC in Biometric Authentication

Use ECC to secure biometric data

Data is encrypted

43

ECC in Cloud Storage Encryption

Use ECC to encrypt cloud files

Files are protected

44

ECC in Password Manager

Use ECC to encrypt vault

Vault is secure

45

ECC in Secure Chat App

Use ECC in encrypted messaging

Messages are secure

46

ECC in Browser Extension

Use ECC in secure browser plugin

Data is encrypted

47

ECC in IoT Gateway

Use ECC in edge device

Secure communication with cloud

48

ECC in Automotive Protocols

Use ECC in vehicle-to-vehicle communication

Data is authenticated

49

ECC in Industrial Control Systems

Use ECC in SCADA/ICS

Secure command and telemetry

50

ECC in Satellite Communication

Use ECC in space-ground link

Data is encrypted and authenticated

  • Reference links