RIPv2 - Routing Information Protocol version 2

What is RIPv2?

RIPv2 (Routing Information Protocol version 2) is an enhanced version of RIPv1. It is a distance-vector routing protocol that supports classless routing and includes several improvements over RIPv1.

How is RIPv2 different from RIPv1?

• Supports Classless Routing - RIPv2 includes subnet mask information in updates.

• Multicast Updates - Sends updates to 224.0.0.9 instead of broadcasting.

• Authentication - Supports plain text and MD5 authentication.

• More Efficient - Reduces unnecessary traffic with multicast and better loop prevention.

What metric does RIPv2 use?

RIPv2 uses hop count as its metric, just like RIPv1. The maximum hop count is 15.

What is the administrative distance of RIPv2?

The administrative distance is 120, same as RIPv1.

Does RIPv2 support VLSM and CIDR?

Yes, RIPv2 supports Variable Length Subnet Masking (VLSM) and Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR), making it more flexible for IP address allocation.

What are the limitations of RIPv2?

• Still limited to 15 hops.

• Slow convergence compared to modern protocols like OSPF or EIGRP.

• Not ideal for large or complex networks.

What is the multicast address used by RIPv2?

RIPv2 uses the multicast address 224.0.0.9 to send routing updates.

Topics in this section,

• Learnings in this section

• Terminology

• Version Info

• RIPv2 Version&RFC Details

• RIPv2 Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4

• RIPv2 Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6

• RIPv2 Protocol Packet Details

• RIPv2 Usecases

• RIPv2 Basic Features

• RIPv2 Feature : Classless Routing

• RIPv2 Feature : Distance Vector Protocol

• RIPv2 Feature : Maximum Hop Count

• RIPv2 Feature : Multicast Updates

• RIPv2 Feature : Periodic Updates

• RIPv2 Feature : Authentication Support

• Reference links

Learnings in this section

• In this section, you are going to learn

Terminology

• Terminology

Version Info

• Version Info

RIPv2 Version&RFC Details

Version & RFC Details
RIP Version	RFC Version	Year	Core Idea / Contribution
RIPv2
	RFC 2453	1998	Enhanced RIP to support classless routing (CIDR), subnet masks, and VLSM. Introduced multicast updates (224.0.0.9) instead of broadcast, and added support for route authentication. Improved scalability and security over RIPv1.

RIPv2 Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4

• Setup

RIPv2 Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6

• Setup

RIPv2 Protocol Packet Details

RIPv2 Request Packet

S.No	Protocol Packets	Description	Size(bytes)
1	Request		24504
	Header
	Command	Set to 1 for Request	1
	Version	Set to 2 for RIPv2	1
	Unused	Reserved; must be set to 0	2
	Routing Entry
	Address Family Identifier	Set to 2 for IP	2
	Route Tag	Used to identify external routes	2
	IP Address	IP address of the destination being requested	4
	Subnet Mask	Subnet mask of the destination (supports VLSM)	4
	Next Hop	IP address of the next hop router	4
	Metric	Set to 16 to request the route; all fields set to 0 and metric 16 means request for full table	4

RIPv2 Response Packet

S.No	Protocol Packets	Description	Size(bytes)
2	Response		24504
	Header
	Command	Set to 2 for Response	1
	Version	Set to 2 for RIPv2	1
	Unused	Reserved; must be set to 0	2
	Routing Entry
	Address Family Identifier	Set to 2 for IP	2
	Route Tag	Used to identify external routes	2
	IP Address	Destination IP address of the route	4
	Subnet Mask	Subnet mask of the destination (supports VLSM)	4
	Next Hop	IP address of the next hop router	4
	Metric	Hop count to the destination (115); 16 means unreachable	4

RIPv2 Usecases

RIPv2 - Use Cases
S.no	Use Case	Description
1	Medium-sized networks	Suitable for networks requiring classless routing and subnetting.
2	Networks using VLSM or CIDR	Supports variable-length subnet masks and efficient IP address allocation.
3	Environments needing authentication	Provides basic security through plain-text or MD5 authentication.
4	Multicast-based routing updates	Reduces unnecessary traffic by using multicast (224.0.0.9) instead of broadcast.
5	Interoperability with legacy systems	Can coexist with RIPv1 in mixed environments.

RIPv2 Basic Features

RIPv2 - Basic Features
S.no	Features	Description
1	Classless Routing	Supports CIDR and VLSM by including subnet mask in updates.
2	Distance Vector Protocol	Uses hop count as the routing metric.
3	Maximum Hop Count	Routes with hop count >15 are considered unreachable.
4	Multicast Updates	Sends updates to 224.0.0.9 instead of broadcast.
5	Periodic Updates	Sends updates every 30 seconds.
6	Authentication Support	Supports plain text and MD5 authentication.

RIPv2 Feature : Classless Routing

Classless Routing - Testcases

Classless Routing - Test Cases
#	Test Case	Description	Expected Result
1	Send route with /8 mask	10.0.0.0/8	Route accepted with correct mask
2	Send route with /16 mask	172.16.0.0/16	Route accepted with correct mask
3	Send route with /24 mask	192.168.1.0/24	Route accepted with correct mask
4	Send route with /25 mask	192.168.1.128/25	Route accepted
5	Send route with /30 mask	192.168.1.252/30	Route accepted
6	Send route with /32 mask	Host route	Route accepted
7	Send route with /0 mask	Default route	Route accepted
8	Send route with /23 mask	Supernetting	Route accepted
9	Send route with /27 mask	Subnetting	Route accepted
10	Send route with classful mask	192.168.1.0/24	Route accepted
11	Send route with classless mask	192.168.1.0/26	Route accepted
12	Send route with invalid mask	192.168.1.0/33	Route rejected
13	Send route with no mask	Mask omitted	Route rejected
14	Send route with inconsistent mask	Same route, different masks	Most specific mask used
15	Send route with duplicate entries	Same route repeated	Last entry used
16	Send route with valid AFI	AFI = 2	Route accepted
17	Send route with invalid AFI	AFI ? 2	Route rejected
18	Send route with valid metric	Metric = 1	Route accepted
19	Send route with metric = 16	Unreachable	Route accepted as unreachable
20	Send route with metric > 16	Invalid metric	Route rejected
21	Send route with valid subnet mask	255.255.255.0	Route accepted
22	Send route with invalid subnet mask	255.0.255.0	Route rejected
23	Send route with loopback IP	127.0.0.0/8	Route rejected
24	Send route with multicast IP	224.0.0.0/4	Route rejected
25	Send route with broadcast IP	255.255.255.255	Route rejected
26	Send route with private IP	10.0.0.0/8	Route accepted
27	Send route with public IP	8.8.8.0/24	Route accepted
28	Send route with default route	0.0.0.0/0	Route accepted
29	Send route with valid next hop	Next hop in same subnet	Route accepted
30	Send route with invalid next hop	Next hop unreachable	Route rejected
31	Send route with route tag	Tag = 100	Route accepted
32	Send route with invalid IP	IP = 300.0.0.0	Route rejected
33	Send route with valid checksum	Correct packet	Route accepted
34	Send route with invalid checksum	Corrupted packet	Packet discarded
35	Send route with TTL = 255	Valid TTL	Route accepted
36	Send route with TTL = 1	TTL expired	Packet dropped
37	Send route with valid version	Version = 2	Route accepted
38	Send route with version = 1	RIPv1 format	Subnet mask ignored
39	Send route with valid command	Command = 2	Route accepted
40	Send route with invalid command	Command ? 1 or 2	Packet ignored
41	Send route with valid source IP	Known router	Route accepted
42	Send route with spoofed source IP	Fake IP	Route ignored
43	Send route with valid port	UDP port 520	Packet accepted
44	Send route with invalid port	Port ? 520	Packet ignored
45	Send route with authentication	Auth enabled	Route accepted if auth valid
46	Send route without authentication	Auth required	Packet rejected
47	Send route with max entries	25 routes	All processed
48	Send route with no entries	Empty update	Packet processed
49	Send route with periodic update	Every 30 sec	Route accepted
50	Send route with rapid update	Every 5 sec	Route accepted

RIPv2 Feature : Distance Vector Protocol

Distance Vector Protocol - Testcases

Distance Vector Protocol - Test Cases
#	Test Case	Description	Expected Result
1	Basic route advertisement	Router advertises its routing table	Neighbor receives and updates table
2	Periodic update every 30 seconds	Standard RIPv2 behavior	Update sent and processed
3	Hop count = 1	Directly connected network	Route accepted
4	Hop count = 15	Maximum valid hop count	Route accepted
5	Hop count = 16	Unreachable route	Route marked unreachable
6	Hop count > 16	Invalid route	Route discarded
7	Split horizon enabled	Route not advertised back on incoming interface	Loop prevention
8	Split horizon disabled	Route advertised back	May cause loops
9	Route poisoning	Route set to metric 16	Neighbor marks route unreachable
10	Hold-down timer active	Route change ignored temporarily	Prevents flapping
11	Hold-down timer expired	Route change accepted	Routing table updated
12	Invalid metric value	Metric = 255	Route discarded
13	Valid metric value	Metric = 2	Route accepted
14	Multicast update	Sent to 224.0.0.9	RIPv2 routers receive update
15	Unicast update	Sent to specific IP	Route accepted if valid
16	Update with valid version	Version = 2	Packet processed
17	Update with invalid version	Version ? 2	Packet ignored
18	Update with valid command	Command = 2	Response processed
19	Update with invalid command	Command ? 1 or 2	Packet ignored
20	Update with valid AFI	AFI = 2	Route accepted
21	Update with invalid AFI	AFI ? 2	Route ignored
22	Update with valid checksum	Correct packet	Packet accepted
23	Update with invalid checksum	Corrupted packet	Packet discarded
24	Update with TTL = 255	Valid TTL	Packet accepted
25	Update with TTL = 1	TTL expired	Packet dropped
26	Update with valid source IP	Known router	Packet accepted
27	Update with spoofed source IP	Fake IP	Packet ignored
28	Update with valid port	UDP port 520	Packet accepted
29	Update with invalid port	Port ? 520	Packet ignored
30	Update with valid subnet mask	CIDR supported	Route accepted
31	Update with classful mask	Default mask used	Route accepted
32	Update with classless mask	Custom mask used	Route accepted
33	Update with duplicate routes	Same route repeated	Last entry used
34	Update with inconsistent metrics	Same route, different metrics	Lowest metric used
35	Update with valid IP	192.168.1.0	Route accepted
36	Update with invalid IP	300.0.0.0	Route ignored
37	Update with loopback IP	127.0.0.0	Route ignored
38	Update with multicast IP	224.0.0.0	Route ignored
39	Update with broadcast IP	255.255.255.255	Route ignored
40	Update with default route	0.0.0.0	Route accepted
41	Update with private IP	10.0.0.0	Route accepted
42	Update with public IP	8.8.8.0	Route accepted
43	Update with route to self	Own IP	Route ignored
44	Update with authentication	Valid auth	Route accepted
45	Update with invalid authentication	Wrong key	Packet rejected
46	Update with next hop field	Valid next hop	Route accepted
47	Update with invalid next hop	Unreachable next hop	Route ignored
48	Update with route tag	Tag = 100	Route accepted
49	Update with max entries	25 routes	All processed
50	Update with no entries	Empty update	Packet processed

RIPv2 Feature : Maximum Hop Count

Maximum Hop Count - Testcases

Maximum Hop Count - Test Cases
#	Test Case	Description	Expected Result
1	Route with hop count = 1	Directly connected network	Route accepted
2	Route with hop count = 2	One intermediate router	Route accepted
3	Route with hop count = 15	Maximum valid hop count	Route accepted
4	Route with hop count = 16	Unreachable route	Route marked as unreachable
5	Route with hop count = 17	Exceeds max hop count	Route discarded
6	Route with hop count = 0	Invalid metric	Route discarded
7	Route with hop count = 10	Mid-range hop count	Route accepted
8	Route with hop count = 14	Near max hop count	Route accepted
9	Route with hop count = 255	Invalid metric	Route discarded
10	Route with hop count = 1 and valid IP	Valid route	Route accepted
11	Route with hop count = 15 and valid IP	Valid route	Route accepted
12	Route with hop count = 16 and valid IP	Valid but unreachable	Route marked unreachable
13	Route with hop count = 1 and invalid IP	Invalid IP address	Route discarded
14	Route with hop count = 15 and invalid IP	Invalid IP address	Route discarded
15	Route with hop count = 16 and invalid IP	Invalid IP address	Route discarded
16	Route with hop count = 1 and valid AFI	AFI = 2	Route accepted
17	Route with hop count = 15 and invalid AFI	AFI ? 2	Route discarded
18	Route with hop count = 16 and valid AFI	AFI = 2	Route marked unreachable
19	Route with hop count = 1 and valid checksum	Valid packet	Route accepted
20	Route with hop count = 15 and invalid checksum	Corrupted packet	Route discarded
21	Route with hop count = 16 and valid checksum	Valid packet	Route marked unreachable
22	Route with hop count = 1 and TTL = 255	Valid TTL	Route accepted
23	Route with hop count = 15 and TTL = 1	TTL expired	Packet dropped
24	Route with hop count = 16 and TTL = 255	Valid TTL	Route marked unreachable
25	Route with hop count = 1 and valid source	Known router	Route accepted
26	Route with hop count = 15 and spoofed source	Fake IP	Route discarded
27	Route with hop count = 16 and valid source	Known router	Route marked unreachable
28	Route with hop count = 1 and valid port	UDP port 520	Route accepted
29	Route with hop count = 15 and invalid port	Port ? 520	Packet discarded
30	Route with hop count = 16 and valid port	UDP port 520	Route marked unreachable
31	Route with hop count = 1 and valid command	Command = 2	Route accepted
32	Route with hop count = 15 and invalid command	Command ? 1 or 2	Packet discarded
33	Route with hop count = 16 and valid command	Command = 2	Route marked unreachable
34	Route with hop count = 1 and version = 2	Valid version	Route accepted
35	Route with hop count = 15 and version = 1	RIPv1 format	Route accepted if classful
36	Route with hop count = 16 and version = 2	Valid version	Route marked unreachable
37	Route with hop count = 1 and route to self	Own IP	Route ignored
38	Route with hop count = 15 and route to self	Own IP	Route ignored
39	Route with hop count = 16 and route to self	Own IP	Route ignored
40	Route with hop count = 1 and route to broadcast	255.255.255.255	Route ignored
41	Route with hop count = 15 and route to multicast	224.0.0.0	Route ignored
42	Route with hop count = 16 and route to loopback	127.0.0.0	Route ignored
43	Route with hop count = 1 and private IP	10.0.0.0	Route accepted
44	Route with hop count = 15 and public IP	8.8.8.0	Route accepted
45	Route with hop count = 16 and default route	0.0.0.0	Route marked unreachable
46	Route with hop count = 1 and duplicate entry	Same route repeated	Last entry used
47	Route with hop count = 15 and inconsistent metrics	Same route, different metrics	Lowest metric used
48	Route with hop count = 16 and inconsistent metrics	Same route, different metrics	Route marked unreachable
49	Route with hop count = 1 and valid update interval	Every 30 sec	Route accepted
50	Route with hop count = 15 and rapid updates	Every 1 sec	Route accepted

RIPv2 Feature : Multicast Updates

Multicast Updates - Testcases

Multicast Updates - Test Cases
#	Test Case	Description	Expected Result
1	Multicast to 224.0.0.9	Standard RIPv2 multicast address	Update received by RIPv2 routers
2	Multicast every 30 seconds	Periodic multicast update	Update sent and processed
3	Multicast on all interfaces	Multiple interfaces configured	Update sent on each interface
4	Multicast with valid routing table	Contains valid routes	Neighbors update their tables
5	Multicast with empty routing table	No routes to advertise	Neighbors receive empty update
6	Multicast with invalid checksum	Corrupted packet	Packet discarded
7	Multicast with valid checksum	Correct packet	Packet accepted
8	Multicast with TTL = 1	TTL expired	Packet dropped
9	Multicast with TTL = 255	Valid TTL	Packet accepted
10	Multicast with spoofed source IP	Fake router IP	Packet ignored
11	Multicast with valid source IP	Known router	Packet accepted
12	Multicast with invalid version	Version ? 2	Packet ignored
13	Multicast with version = 2	Valid RIPv2 packet	Packet processed
14	Multicast with command = 2	Response	Packet processed
15	Multicast with command = 1	Request	Response expected
16	Multicast with invalid command	Command ? 1 or 2	Packet ignored
17	Multicast with AFI = 2	IP routing	Route accepted
18	Multicast with AFI ? 2	Non-IP routing	Route ignored
19	Multicast with metric = 1	Valid route	Route accepted
20	Multicast with metric = 16	Unreachable route	Route marked unreachable
21	Multicast with metric > 16	Invalid metric	Route ignored
22	Multicast with duplicate routes	Same route repeated	Last entry used
23	Multicast with inconsistent metrics	Same route, different metrics	Lowest metric used
24	Multicast with valid IP	192.168.1.0	Route accepted
25	Multicast with invalid IP	300.0.0.0	Route ignored
26	Multicast with loopback IP	127.0.0.0	Route ignored
27	Multicast with multicast IP	224.0.0.0	Route ignored
28	Multicast with broadcast IP	255.255.255.255	Route ignored
29	Multicast with default route	0.0.0.0	Route accepted
30	Multicast with private IP	10.0.0.0	Route accepted
31	Multicast with public IP	8.8.8.0	Route accepted
32	Multicast with route to self	Own IP	Route ignored
33	Multicast with valid port	UDP port 520	Packet accepted
34	Multicast with invalid port	Port ? 520	Packet ignored
35	Multicast with valid subnet	Classful subnet	Route accepted
36	Multicast with classless subnet	Subnet mask included	Route accepted
37	Multicast with route poisoning	Metric = 16	Route marked unreachable
38	Multicast with split horizon	Route not advertised back	Loop prevention
39	Multicast with hold-down timer active	Route change ignored	Prevents flapping
40	Multicast with hold-down timer expired	Route change accepted	Table updated
41	Multicast with max entries	25 routes	All processed
42	Multicast with no entries	Empty update	Packet processed
43	Multicast with authentication field	Auth enabled	Packet accepted if valid
44	Multicast with invalid authentication	Wrong key	Packet rejected
45	Multicast with next hop field	Valid next hop	Route accepted
46	Multicast with invalid next hop	Unreachable next hop	Route ignored
47	Multicast with route tag	Tag = 100	Route accepted
48	Multicast with valid interface	Interface up	Update sent
49	Multicast with disabled interface	Interface down	No update sent
50	Multicast in mixed RIPv1/RIPv2 network	RIPv1 router present	RIPv1 ignores multicast

RIPv2 Feature : Periodic Updates

Periodic Updates - Testcases

Periodic Updates - Test Cases
#	Test Case	Description	Expected Result
1	Update interval = 30 seconds	Standard RIPv2 behavior	Update sent every 30 seconds
2	Update interval < 30 seconds	Update every 10 seconds	Update sent more frequently
3	Update interval > 30 seconds	Update every 60 seconds	Update sent less frequently
4	Timer disabled	No periodic updates configured	No updates sent
5	Timer reset on manual update	Manual update resets timer	Next update delayed
6	Timer continues after manual update	Manual update doesnt reset timer	Next update sent as scheduled
7	Timer accuracy test	Measure interval precision	Update sent within 1 sec of expected time
8	Timer drift over time	Long uptime	Update interval remains consistent
9	Multiple interfaces	Updates sent on all interfaces	Each interface sends update
10	Interface down	Interface disabled	No update sent on that interface
11	Interface up	Interface enabled	Update sent
12	Valid routing table	Contains routes	Update includes all routes
13	Empty routing table	No routes	Update sent with no entries
14	Routing table change before update	Route added before timer expires	Change included in next update
15	Routing table unchanged	No changes	Same update sent
16	Update with valid checksum	Correct packet	Packet accepted
17	Update with invalid checksum	Corrupted packet	Packet discarded
18	Update with TTL = 255	Valid TTL	Packet accepted
19	Update with TTL = 1	TTL expired	Packet dropped
20	Update with valid source IP	Known router	Packet accepted
21	Update with spoofed source IP	Fake IP	Packet ignored
22	Update with valid destination	Multicast 224.0.0.9	Packet accepted
23	Update with invalid destination	Unicast or broadcast	Packet ignored
24	Update with valid version	Version = 2	Packet processed
25	Update with invalid version	Version ? 2	Packet ignored
26	Update with valid command	Command = 2	Packet processed
27	Update with invalid command	Command ? 1 or 2	Packet ignored
28	Update with valid AFI	AFI = 2	Route accepted
29	Update with invalid AFI	AFI ? 2	Route ignored
30	Update with metric = 1	Valid route	Route accepted
31	Update with metric = 16	Unreachable route	Route marked unreachable
32	Update with metric > 16	Invalid metric	Route ignored
33	Update with duplicate routes	Same route repeated	Last entry used
34	Update with inconsistent metrics	Same route, different metrics	Lowest metric used
35	Update with valid IP	192.168.1.0	Route accepted
36	Update with invalid IP	300.0.0.0	Route ignored
37	Update with loopback IP	127.0.0.0	Route ignored
38	Update with multicast IP	224.0.0.0	Route ignored
39	Update with broadcast IP	255.255.255.255	Route ignored
40	Update with default route	0.0.0.0	Route accepted
41	Update with private IP	10.0.0.0	Route accepted
42	Update with public IP	8.8.8.0	Route accepted
43	Update with route to self	Own IP	Route ignored
44	Update with valid UDP port	Port = 520	Packet accepted
45	Update with invalid UDP port	Port ? 520	Packet ignored
46	Update with authentication	Valid auth	Packet accepted
47	Update with invalid authentication	Wrong key	Packet rejected
48	Update with next hop field	Valid next hop	Route accepted
49	Update with route tag	Tag = 100	Route accepted
50	Update with max entries	25 routes	All processed

RIPv2 Feature : Authentication Support

Authentication Support - Testcases

Authentication Support - Test Cases
#	Test Case	Description	Expected Result
1	Plain text authentication enabled	Configure plain text password	Auth field included in updates
2	MD5 authentication enabled	Configure MD5 key	Auth field included and hashed
3	No authentication configured	Default behavior	No auth field in updates
4	Invalid authentication type	Unsupported type	Packet rejected
5	Valid plain text password	Matching password on both routers	Update accepted
6	Mismatched plain text password	Different passwords	Update rejected
7	Valid MD5 key	Matching MD5 key	Update accepted
8	Mismatched MD5 key	Different MD5 keys	Update rejected
9	Auth field with correct length	Properly formatted	Update accepted
10	Auth field with incorrect length	Too short or too long	Update rejected
11	Auth field with valid key ID	Key ID matches	Update accepted
12	Auth field with invalid key ID	Key ID mismatch	Update rejected
13	Auth field with valid sequence number	Sequence number in order	Update accepted
14	Auth field with replayed sequence number	Duplicate or old	Update rejected
15	Auth field with expired key	Key lifetime exceeded	Update rejected
16	Auth field with future key	Key not yet valid	Update rejected
17	Auth field with valid digest	MD5 digest matches	Update accepted
18	Auth field with invalid digest	MD5 digest mismatch	Update rejected
19	Auth field with valid checksum	Packet integrity maintained	Update accepted
20	Auth field with invalid checksum	Corrupted packet	Update rejected
21	Auth field with TTL = 255	Valid TTL	Update accepted
22	Auth field with TTL = 1	TTL expired	Packet dropped
23	Auth field with spoofed source	Fake IP	Update rejected
24	Auth field with valid source	Known router	Update accepted
25	Auth field with valid port	UDP port 520	Update accepted
26	Auth field with invalid port	Port ? 520	Packet ignored
27	Auth field with valid version	Version = 2	Packet processed
28	Auth field with invalid version	Version ? 2	Packet ignored
29	Auth field with valid command	Command = 2	Packet processed
30	Auth field with invalid command	Command ? 1 or 2	Packet ignored
31	Auth field with valid AFI	AFI = 2	Route accepted
32	Auth field with invalid AFI	AFI ? 2	Route ignored
33	Auth field with valid IP	192.168.1.0	Route accepted
34	Auth field with invalid IP	300.0.0.0	Route ignored
35	Auth field with loopback IP	127.0.0.0	Route ignored
36	Auth field with multicast IP	224.0.0.0	Route ignored
37	Auth field with broadcast IP	255.255.255.255	Route ignored
38	Auth field with default route	0.0.0.0	Route accepted
39	Auth field with private IP	10.0.0.0	Route accepted
40	Auth field with public IP	8.8.8.0	Route accepted
41	Auth field with route to self	Own IP	Route ignored
42	Auth field with duplicate routes	Same route repeated	Last entry used
43	Auth field with inconsistent metrics	Same route, different metrics	Lowest metric used
44	Auth field with valid next hop	Next hop reachable	Route accepted
45	Auth field with invalid next hop	Next hop unreachable	Route ignored
46	Auth field with route tag	Tag = 100	Route accepted
47	Auth field with max entries	25 routes	All processed
48	Auth field with no entries	Empty update	Packet processed
49	Auth field with periodic update	Every 30 sec	Auth included
50	Auth field with rapid update	Every 5 sec	Auth included and validated

Reference links

• Reference links