PPTP - Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol

What is PPTP?

PPTP stands for Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol. It’s a method used to implement Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), allowing secure data transmission over public networks like the internet.

Why is PPTP important?

PPTP enables: * Secure remote access to private networks. * Encrypted communication between devices. * Privacy protection when using public Wi-Fi. * Tunneling of network traffic through a secure channel.

How PPTP works (in simple steps):

You connect to a VPN using PPTP.

PPTP creates a tunnel between your device and the VPN server.

Your data is encapsulated and optionally encrypted.

The VPN server decapsulates the data and forwards it to the destination.

Responses follow the same secure path back to your device.

Where is PPTP used?

Remote work setups

Corporate networks

Secure access to internal systems

Legacy VPN implementations

Which OSI Layer does this protocol belong to?

PPTP operates across multiple layers: * Layer 2 (Data Link): It uses PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) for establishing the connection. * Layer 3 (Network): It encapsulates PPP frames in IP packets for transmission over the internet.

Learnings in this section

In this section, you are going to learn

Terminology

Terminology

Version Info

Version Info

PPTP Version&RFC Details

PPTP Version	RFC	Year	Core Idea / Contribution
PPP (underlying protocol)
	RFC 1661	1994	Defines the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), used by PPTP
			to encapsulate data.
GRE (used by PPTP)
	RFC 2784	2000	Generic Routing Encapsulation, used by PPTP to tunnel
			PPP frames.
PPP Authentication
	RFC 1994	1996	PPP Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol
			(CHAP), often used with PPTP.
PPTP v1
	RFC 2637	1999	Defines the PPTP protocol for encapsulating PPP frames over IP networks using GRE and TCP.
Security Considerations
	Various analyses	2000s+	PPTP has known vulnerabilities; modern VPNs prefer
			L2TP/IPsec, OpenVPN, WireGuard.

PPTP Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv4

Setup

PPTP Basic Setup on Ubuntu using IPv6

Setup

PPTP Protocol Packet Details

PPTP Control Message

S.No	Protocol Packets	Description	Size(Bytes)
1	PPTP Control Message	Used to establish, manage, and terminate the tunnel between client and server.	~156 (varies)
	Length	Total length of the PPTP message	2
	Message Type	Control or Management message (always 1 for control) Start-Control-Connection-Request Start-Control-Connection-Reply Outgoing-Call-Request Outgoing-Call-Reply Echo-Request / Echo-Reply Call-Clear-Request	2
	Magic Cookie	Fixed value (0x1A2B3C4D) to identify PPTP messages	4
	Control Message Type	Type of control message (e.g., Start-Control-Connection-Request)	2
	Reserved	Reserved for future use	2
	Payload	Varies depending on the message type (e.g., call ID, peer IP, etc.)	Variable

PPTP Data Packet

S.No	Protocol Packets	Description	Size(Bytes)
2	PPTP Data Packet	Encapsulates PPP frames for transmission over IP.	Variable
	Flags & Version	GRE flags and version (specific to PPTP)	2
	Protocol Type	Indicates the type of payload (e.g., PPP)	2
	Payload Length	Length of the encapsulated PPP frame	2
	Call ID	Identifies the tunnel session	2
	Sequence Number	Optional, used for packet ordering	4 (if present)
	Acknowledgment Number	Optional, used for reliable delivery	4 (if present)
	PPP Payload	Actual data (e.g., IP packets, authentication, etc.)	Variable

PPTP Usecases

S.no	Use Case	Description
1	Remote Access VPN	Allows employees or users to securely connect to a private network from remote
		locations.
2	Secure Data Transmission	Encrypts data between client and server over public networks, protecting it from
		interception.
3	Legacy VPN Compatibility	Supports older systems and devices that still rely on PPTP for VPN connectivity.
4	Site-to-Site Connectivity	Connects two geographically separated networks over the internet using a secure
		tunnel.
5	ISP-Level VPN Services	Used by some ISPs to provide basic VPN services to customers for privacy or content access.
6	Lightweight VPN Setup	Offers a simple and fast VPN setup with minimal configuration, suitable for low-security needs.
7	Mobile VPN Access	Enables VPN access on older mobile platforms that support PPTP natively.
8	Testing and Prototyping	Used in lab environments or for quick VPN testing due to its ease of setup and low
		overhead.

PPTP Basic Features

S.no	Feature	Description
1	Tunneling Protocol	Encapsulates PPP frames within GRE packets to create a secure tunnel over IP
		networks.
2	VPN Support	Enables Virtual Private Network (VPN) functionality for secure remote access.
3	Authentication	Supports PPP-based authentication methods like PAP, CHAP, and MS-CHAPv2.
4	Encryption	Uses Microsoft Point-to-Point Encryption (MPPE) for data confidentiality (though
		weak by todays standards).
5	Session Management	Establishes and manages VPN sessions using control messages over TCP
		(port 1723).
6	GRE Encapsulation	Uses Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) to carry PPP frames over IP.
7	IP Address Assignment	Supports dynamic IP address assignment to VPN clients via PPP.
8	Compression Support	Can use PPP compression protocols to reduce data size during transmission.
9	NAT Traversal	Works with NAT devices, making it easier to deploy in home and enterprise networks.
10	Lightweight Implementation	Simple and fast to set up, requiring minimal configuration compared to more modern
		VPN protocols.

PPTP Feature : Tunneling Protocol

Tunneling Protocol - Testcases

#	Test Case	Description	Expected Result
1	PPTP Tunnel Establishment	Initiate PPTP VPN connection	Tunnel established successfully
2	PPTP Authentication Success	Authenticate with valid credentials	Access granted
3	PPTP Authentication Failure	Use invalid credentials	Access denied
4	PPTP Tunnel Teardown	Disconnect VPN session	Tunnel closed gracefully
5	PPTP Encryption Enabled	Enable MPPE encryption	Data encrypted
6	PPTP Without Encryption	Disable encryption	Data sent in plaintext
7	PPTP with CHAP Authentication	Use CHAP for auth	Auth succeeds
8	PPTP with MS-CHAPv2	Use MS-CHAPv2	Auth succeeds
9	PPTP with PAP Authentication	Use PAP for auth	Auth succeeds (less secure)
10	PPTP Tunnel Timeout	Leave tunnel idle	Tunnel times out
11	PPTP Reconnection Test	Disconnect and reconnect	Tunnel re-established
12	PPTP IP Assignment	Check assigned IP address	IP from VPN pool assigned
13	PPTP DNS Resolution	Resolve domain over VPN	DNS resolves correctly
14	PPTP Split Tunneling	Enable split tunneling	Only specific traffic routed through VPN
15	PPTP Full Tunnel Mode	Route all traffic through VPN	All traffic encrypted
16	PPTP NAT Traversal	Connect behind NAT	Tunnel established
17	PPTP Port Blocking	Block TCP port 1723	Connection fails
18	PPTP GRE Protocol Blocking	Block GRE protocol	Tunnel fails to establish
19	PPTP Firewall Bypass	Allow PPTP through firewall	Tunnel connects
20	PPTP Packet Capture	Capture traffic with Wireshark	GRE and control packets visible
21	PPTP MTU Size Test	Adjust MTU size	Optimal size determined
22	PPTP Packet Fragmentation	Send large packets	Packets fragmented and reassembled
23	PPTP Compression Support	Enable compression	Traffic compressed
24	PPTP Performance Test	Measure throughput	Meets expected bandwidth
25	PPTP Latency Test	Measure latency	Within acceptable limits
26	PPTP with Windows Client	Connect using Windows built-in client	Tunnel established
27	PPTP with Linux Client	Connect using pptp-linux	Tunnel established
28	PPTP with macOS Client	Use third-party client	Tunnel established
29	PPTP with Android Client	Connect using mobile app	Tunnel established
30	PPTP with iOS Client	Use compatible app	Tunnel established
31	PPTP Session Logging	Enable session logs	Logs show connection details
32	PPTP Session Timeout	Set session timeout	Session ends after timeout
33	PPTP Concurrent Sessions	Connect multiple clients	All sessions established
34	PPTP User Access Control	Restrict user access	Unauthorized users denied
35	PPTP Group Policy Enforcement	Apply group-based rules	Access controlled
36	PPTP Kill Switch	Enable kill switch	Internet blocked on disconnect
37	PPTP DNS Leak Test	Perform DNS queries	No DNS leak detected
38	PPTP Logging Disabled	Disable logging	No logs generated
39	PPTP Certificate Validation	Use server certificate	Certificate validated
40	PPTP Certificate Expired	Use expired cert	Connection fails
41	PPTP Certificate Revoked	Use revoked cert	Connection denied
42	PPTP Alerting	Trigger alert on connection	Alert generated
43	PPTP Monitoring Dashboard	View active sessions	Dashboard shows connections
44	PPTP Usage Reporting	Generate usage report	Report generated
45	PPTP Failover Test	Simulate server failure	Backup server takes over
46	PPTP Load Balancing	Distribute connections	Load balanced across servers
47	PPTP High Availability	Test HA setup	No session drop
48	PPTP Policy Enforcement	Apply security policies	Policies enforced
49	PPTP Configuration Backup	Backup VPN settings	Backup file created
50	PPTP Configuration Restore	Restore from backup	Settings restored successfully

PPTP Feature : VPN Support

VPN Support - Testcases

#	Test Case	Description	Expected Result
1	VPN Connection Establishment	Initiate VPN connection	Tunnel established successfully
2	VPN Authentication Success	Authenticate with valid credentials	Access granted
3	VPN Authentication Failure	Use invalid credentials	Access denied
4	VPN Tunnel Teardown	Disconnect VPN session	Tunnel closed gracefully
5	VPN Protocol Support	Use supported protocols (IPSec, OpenVPN, etc.)	Connection successful
6	VPN Encryption Enabled	Enable encryption	Data encrypted
7	VPN Without Encryption	Disable encryption	Data sent in plaintext
8	VPN Split Tunneling	Enable split tunneling	Only specific traffic routed through VPN
9	VPN Full Tunnel Mode	Route all traffic through VPN	All traffic encrypted
10	VPN NAT Traversal	Connect behind NAT	Tunnel established
11	VPN Port Blocking	Block VPN ports	Connection fails
12	VPN Firewall Bypass	Allow VPN through firewall	Tunnel connects
13	VPN IP Assignment	Check assigned IP address	IP from VPN pool assigned
14	VPN DNS Resolution	Resolve domain over VPN	DNS resolves correctly
15	VPN DNS Leak Test	Perform DNS queries	No DNS leak detected
16	VPN Kill Switch	Enable kill switch	Internet blocked on disconnect
17	VPN Logging Enabled	Enable session logs	Logs show connection details
18	VPN Logging Disabled	Disable logging	No logs generated
19	VPN Certificate Validation	Use valid certificate	Certificate validated
20	VPN Certificate Expired	Use expired certificate	Connection fails
21	VPN Certificate Revoked	Use revoked certificate	Connection denied
22	VPN Multi-Factor Authentication	Enable MFA	Second factor required
23	VPN User Group Policy	Apply group-based access rules	Access controlled by group
24	VPN Bandwidth Limiting	Apply bandwidth cap	Traffic limited
25	VPN QoS Enforcement	Prioritize VPN traffic	QoS rules applied
26	VPN Port Forwarding	Enable port forwarding	Ports accessible through VPN
27	VPN Access Control List	Apply ACLs to VPN traffic	Access restricted as per ACL
28	VPN Device Fingerprinting	Identify connecting device	Device recognized
29	VPN Client OS Compatibility	Connect from various OS (Windows, Linux, macOS)	All clients connect successfully
30	VPN Mobile Client Support	Connect from mobile device	Tunnel established
31	VPN Load Balancing	Distribute connections across gateways	Load balanced
32	VPN High Availability	Failover to backup gateway	No session drop
33	VPN Session Timeout	Set session timeout	Session ends after timeout
34	VPN Concurrent Sessions	Connect multiple clients	All sessions established
35	VPN Geo-Blocking	Block connections from specific countries	Access denied
36	VPN IP Blacklisting	Block specific IPs	Blocked IPs denied
37	VPN IP Whitelisting	Allow only specific IPs	Others denied
38	VPN Traffic Inspection	Inspect VPN traffic	Traffic analyzed
39	VPN Compression Support	Enable compression	Traffic compressed
40	VPN MTU Size Test	Adjust MTU size	Optimal size determined
41	VPN IPv6 Support	Connect using IPv6	Tunnel established
42	VPN IPv4 Support	Connect using IPv4	Tunnel established
43	VPN Client Certificate Auth	Authenticate using client cert	Authenticated successfully
44	VPN Server Certificate Auth	Validate server certificate	Server trusted
45	VPN Policy Enforcement	Apply security policies	Policies enforced
46	VPN Monitoring Dashboard	View active sessions	Dashboard shows connections
47	VPN Alerting	Trigger alert on suspicious activity	Alert generated
48	VPN Usage Reporting	Generate usage report	Report generated
49	VPN Configuration Backup	Backup VPN settings	Backup file created
50	VPN Configuration Restore	Restore from backup	Settings restored successfully

PPTP Feature : Authentication

Authentication - Testcases

#	Test Case	Description	Expected Result
1	Valid Login	Login with correct username and password	Access granted
2	Invalid Password	Login with incorrect password	Access denied
3	Invalid Username	Login with non-existent username	Access denied
4	Empty Credentials	Submit empty username and password	Error message shown
5	SQL Injection Attempt	Submit SQL injection in login form	Input sanitized, access denied
6	XSS in Login Form	Inject script in login field	Script blocked
7	Password Case Sensitivity	Use wrong case in password	Access denied
8	Username Case Sensitivity	Use wrong case in username	Access denied or granted based on config
9	Account Lockout	Exceed max login attempts	Account locked
10	Password Expiry	Login with expired password	Prompt to change password
11	Password Change	Change password successfully	New password accepted
12	Password Reuse	Reuse old password	Reuse denied
13	Password Complexity	Set weak password	Password rejected
14	Password Length Enforcement	Set short password	Password rejected
15	Password Reset	Request password reset	Reset link sent
16	Password Reset Link Expiry	Use expired reset link	Link invalid
17	Password Reset Token Reuse	Reuse reset token	Token invalid
18	Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)	Login with MFA enabled	Second factor required
19	MFA Code Expiry	Use expired MFA code	Code rejected
20	MFA Code Reuse	Reuse MFA code	Code rejected
21	Email Verification	Register new account	Verification email sent
22	Email Verification Link Expiry	Use expired verification link	Link invalid
23	Email Verification Bypass	Try to login without verifying email	Access denied
24	Session Timeout	Stay idle beyond timeout limit	Session expires
25	Concurrent Session Limit	Exceed allowed sessions	New session denied
26	Logout Functionality	Logout from session	Session terminated
27	Remember Me Option	Enable “remember me”	Session persists across restarts
28	Social Login (Google)	Login using Google account	Access granted
29	Social Login (Facebook)	Login using Facebook account	Access granted
30	OAuth Token Expiry	Use expired OAuth token	Access denied
31	OAuth Token Refresh	Refresh access token	New token issued
32	JWT Token Validation	Use valid JWT token	Access granted
33	JWT Token Tampering	Modify JWT token	Token rejected
34	SSO Integration	Login via SSO	Access granted
35	SSO Logout Propagation	Logout from one app	Session ends in all apps
36	Role-Based Access Control	Login with limited role	Access restricted to role
37	Unauthorized Resource Access	Access resource without permission	Access denied
38	Audit Logging	Perform login/logout	Events logged
39	Login Attempt Logging	Attempt login	Attempt logged
40	Brute Force Detection	Simulate brute force login	Alert triggered
41	CAPTCHA on Login	Trigger CAPTCHA after failed attempts	CAPTCHA shown
42	CAPTCHA Validation	Solve CAPTCHA	Login proceeds
43	Device Recognition	Login from new device	Verification required
44	IP Whitelisting	Login from whitelisted IP	Access granted
45	IP Blacklisting	Login from blacklisted IP	Access denied
46	Login from VPN	Login while connected to VPN	Access granted or flagged
47	Login from Tor Network	Login via Tor	Access denied or flagged
48	Login from Mobile Device	Login using mobile browser	Access granted
49	Login from Desktop	Login using desktop browser	Access granted
50	Login UI Accessibility	Navigate login form with screen reader	Accessible labels and fields

PPTP Feature : Encryption

Encryption - Testcases

#	Test Case	Description	Expected Result
1	Symmetric Encryption	Encrypt data using AES	Encrypted output generated
2	Symmetric Decryption	Decrypt AES-encrypted data	Original data recovered
3	Asymmetric Encryption	Encrypt data using RSA public key	Encrypted output generated
4	Asymmetric Decryption	Decrypt data using RSA private key	Original data recovered
5	Invalid Key Decryption	Decrypt with wrong key	Decryption fails
6	Key Length Validation	Use short encryption key	Error or warning shown
7	Key Rotation	Rotate encryption keys	New keys applied successfully
8	Data Integrity Check	Modify encrypted data	Integrity check fails
9	Encryption Algorithm Selection	Choose between AES, RSA, etc.	Selected algorithm used
10	Encryption Performance	Encrypt large file	Completed within acceptable time
11	Decryption Performance	Decrypt large file	Completed within acceptable time
12	File Encryption	Encrypt a file	File encrypted and unreadable in plaintext
13	File Decryption	Decrypt encrypted file	File restored to original
14	Stream Encryption	Encrypt data stream	Stream encrypted in real-time
15	Stream Decryption	Decrypt encrypted stream	Stream decrypted correctly
16	Password-Based Encryption	Encrypt using password	Encrypted output generated
17	Password-Based Decryption	Decrypt using password	Original data recovered
18	Salt Usage	Encrypt with salt	Different output for same input
19	IV Usage	Use Initialization Vector	IV applied correctly
20	No IV Usage	Encrypt without IV	Warning or insecure encryption
21	Digital Signature Generation	Sign data with private key	Signature generated
22	Digital Signature Verification	Verify signature with public key	Signature valid
23	Signature Tampering	Modify signed data	Signature invalid
24	Encrypted Communication Channel	Establish TLS/SSL connection	Encrypted channel established
25	TLS Certificate Validation	Validate server certificate	Certificate trusted
26	TLS Expired Certificate	Use expired certificate	Connection blocked or warning shown
27	TLS Self-Signed Certificate	Use self-signed cert	Warning shown or connection blocked
28	Encrypted Database Field	Store encrypted value in DB	Value stored encrypted
29	Encrypted Backup	Encrypt backup file	Backup unreadable without key
30	Encrypted Email	Send encrypted email	Recipient decrypts successfully
31	Encrypted Messaging	Send encrypted message	Message decrypted by recipient
32	Key Storage Security	Store encryption keys securely	Keys protected
33	Key Exposure Detection	Simulate key leak	Alert triggered
34	Key Expiry Enforcement	Use expired key	Operation denied
35	Key Revocation	Revoke compromised key	Key no longer usable
36	Encrypted API Payload	Send encrypted data in API	Server decrypts and processes
37	Encrypted Configuration File	Encrypt config file	File unreadable without decryption
38	Encrypted Logs	Store logs encrypted	Logs unreadable in plaintext
39	Encrypted Cloud Storage	Upload encrypted file to cloud	File remains encrypted
40	Encrypted USB Storage	Encrypt USB drive	Data protected
41	Encrypted Mobile Storage	Encrypt mobile device storage	Data inaccessible without unlock
42	Encrypted Session Cookies	Encrypt session data in cookies	Cookies unreadable in browser
43	Encrypted Token Authentication	Use encrypted tokens	Tokens decrypted and validated
44	Encryption Library Compatibility	Use standard crypto library	Functions as expected
45	Encryption Error Handling	Trigger encryption error	Error logged and handled
46	Encryption Logging Disabled	Ensure no sensitive data in logs	Logs clean
47	Encryption Logging Enabled	Log encryption events	Logs show activity
48	Encryption Compliance Check	Check for FIPS compliance	Compliance verified
49	Encryption Policy Enforcement	Enforce encryption policy	Non-compliant actions blocked
50	Encryption Audit Trail	Review encryption activity logs	Complete audit trail available

PPTP Feature : Session Management

Session Management - Testcases

#	Test Case	Description	Expected Result
1	Session Creation	Login to application	New session created
2	Session ID Generation	Check session ID format	Unique, secure session ID generated
3	Session Timeout	Stay idle beyond timeout limit	Session expires
4	Session Expiry Redirect	Access app after session expiry	Redirected to login page
5	Session Renewal on Activity	Perform activity before timeout	Session extended
6	Concurrent Session Limit	Open multiple sessions	Limit enforced or new session denied
7	Session Termination on Logout	Logout from app	Session destroyed
8	Session Termination on Browser Close	Close browser tab/window	Session ends or persists based on config
9	Session Fixation Prevention	Reuse old session ID after login	New session ID generated
10	Session Hijacking Detection	Use session ID from another device	Session invalidated or alert triggered
11	Session ID in URL	Pass session ID in URL	Session rejected or warning shown
12	Session ID in Cookie	Store session ID in cookie	Session maintained securely
13	Secure Cookie Flag	Check if session cookie is secure	Secure flag set
14	HttpOnly Cookie Flag	Check if session cookie is HttpOnly	HttpOnly flag set
15	SameSite Cookie Flag	Check SameSite attribute	SameSite=Strict or Lax set
16	Session Storage in LocalStorage	Store session in localStorage	Session persists (if allowed)
17	Session Storage in SessionStorage	Store session in sessionStorage	Session ends on tab close
18	Session Replay Attack	Replay captured session ID	Session rejected
19	Session Timeout Warning	Show warning before timeout	User notified
20	Session Timeout Extension Prompt	Prompt user to extend session	Session extended on confirmation
21	Session Audit Logging	Log session start/end	Logs generated
22	Session Activity Logging	Log user actions during session	Activity recorded
23	Session Duration Limit	Enforce max session duration	Session ends after limit
24	Session Lock on Inactivity	Lock session after inactivity	Re-authentication required
25	Session Lock on Screen Lock	Lock session when screen is locked	Session paused or locked
26	Session Lock on Network Change	Change network during session	Session ends or re-auth required
27	Session Lock on IP Change	Change IP address mid-session	Session ends or alert triggered
28	Session Lock on Device Change	Use same session on different device	Session invalidated
29	Session Lock on Geo Change	Change location during session	Session ends or alert triggered
30	Session Persistence After Refresh	Refresh browser	Session persists
31	Session Persistence After Reboot	Reboot device	Session ends or persists based on config
32	Session Restore After Crash	Crash and reopen browser	Session restored or re-auth required
33	Session Token Expiry	Use expired token	Access denied
34	Session Token Renewal	Refresh token before expiry	New token issued
35	Session Token Revocation	Revoke token manually	Token invalidated
36	Session Token Tampering	Modify session token	Token rejected
37	Session Encryption	Encrypt session data	Data unreadable without key
38	Session Compression	Compress session payload	Smaller session size
39	Session Size Limit	Exceed session storage limit	Error or truncation
40	Session Cleanup on Logout	Clear session data on logout	No residual data remains
41	Session Cleanup on Timeout	Clear session data on timeout	Session data removed
42	Session Cleanup on Crash	Crash app during session	Session data cleared or recovered
43	Session Isolation per Tab	Open app in multiple tabs	Sessions isolated or shared as configured
44	Session Isolation per User	Login with different users	Sessions isolated
45	Session Isolation per Role	Login with different roles	Role-based session data
46	Session Data Integrity	Modify session data manually	Integrity check fails
47	Session Data Validation	Validate session data format	Invalid data rejected
48	Session Data Expiry	Store expiring data in session	Data removed after expiry
49	Session Data Encryption	Encrypt sensitive session data	Data secure in storage
50	Session Data Audit Trail	Track changes to session data	Audit log available

PPTP Feature : GRE Encapsulation

GRE Encapsulation - Testcases

#	Test Case	Description	Expected Result
1	GRE Tunnel Creation	Configure GRE tunnel between two routers	Tunnel interface comes up
2	GRE Tunnel Interface Status	Check tunnel interface status	Interface is up and operational
3	GRE Tunnel IP Assignment	Assign IP to tunnel interface	IP address reachable
4	GRE Tunnel Ping Test	Ping remote tunnel endpoint	Ping successful
5	GRE Tunnel with Routing Protocol	Run OSPF over GRE tunnel	OSPF adjacency formed
6	GRE Tunnel with Static Route	Add static route via tunnel	Traffic routed through tunnel
7	GRE Tunnel MTU Test	Send large packets	Packets fragmented or dropped
8	GRE Tunnel TTL Test	Set TTL on tunnel packets	TTL respected
9	GRE Tunnel Keepalive	Enable keepalive on tunnel	Tunnel status reflects peer availability
10	GRE Tunnel Source Interface	Set source interface for tunnel	Tunnel uses correct source
11	GRE Tunnel Destination IP	Set destination IP for tunnel	Tunnel established to correct peer
12	GRE Tunnel with ACL	Apply ACL to tunnel interface	Traffic filtered as per ACL
13	GRE Tunnel with QoS	Apply QoS policy to tunnel	Traffic prioritized accordingly
14	GRE Tunnel with NAT	Tunnel traffic through NAT	Tunnel works with NAT traversal
15	GRE Tunnel with IPsec	Encrypt GRE with IPsec	Encrypted tunnel established
16	GRE Tunnel Packet Capture	Capture GRE packets	GRE headers visible
17	GRE Tunnel Path MTU Discovery	Enable PMTUD	MTU adjusted dynamically
18	GRE Tunnel Loopback Source	Use loopback as tunnel source	Tunnel remains stable
19	GRE Tunnel Failover	Simulate primary path failure	Traffic rerouted via backup GRE tunnel
20	GRE Tunnel Redundancy	Configure multiple GRE tunnels	Redundant paths available
21	GRE Tunnel Load Balancing	Use ECMP with GRE tunnels	Traffic balanced across tunnels
22	GRE Tunnel with IPv6	Use IPv6 as tunnel endpoint	Tunnel established over IPv6
23	GRE Tunnel over MPLS	Encapsulate GRE over MPLS	Tunnel works over MPLS network
24	GRE Tunnel with VRF	Use GRE in VRF context	Tunnel isolated per VRF
25	GRE Tunnel with BGP	Run BGP over GRE tunnel	BGP session established
26	GRE Tunnel with Multicast	Send multicast over GRE	Multicast traffic delivered
27	GRE Tunnel with Broadcast	Send broadcast over GRE	Broadcast traffic encapsulated
28	GRE Tunnel with VLAN	Encapsulate VLAN traffic in GRE	VLAN tags preserved
29	GRE Tunnel with MPLS Labels	Carry MPLS labels over GRE	Labels preserved end-to-end
30	GRE Tunnel with Jumbo Frames	Send jumbo frames	Frames transmitted successfully
31	GRE Tunnel with Fragmentation	Force fragmentation	Packets fragmented and reassembled
32	GRE Tunnel with Checksum	Enable GRE checksum	Checksum validated
33	GRE Tunnel with Sequence Number	Enable GRE sequence numbers	Sequence numbers increment correctly
34	GRE Tunnel Misconfiguration	Use wrong destination IP	Tunnel remains down
35	GRE Tunnel Loop Detection	Create routing loop with GRE	Loop detected or mitigated
36	GRE Tunnel Performance Test	Measure throughput	Meets expected performance
37	GRE Tunnel Latency Test	Measure latency	Within acceptable limits
38	GRE Tunnel Packet Loss Test	Drop packets intentionally	Loss detected
39	GRE Tunnel Monitoring	Enable SNMP/NetFlow on tunnel	Tunnel stats visible
40	GRE Tunnel Logging	Enable logging	Tunnel events logged
41	GRE Tunnel Debugging	Enable debug mode	Detailed logs available
42	GRE Tunnel Reboot Persistence	Reboot router	Tunnel re-establishes automatically
43	GRE Tunnel Configuration Backup	Backup tunnel config	Config saved
44	GRE Tunnel Configuration Restore	Restore tunnel config	Tunnel restored
45	GRE Tunnel Security Test	Attempt spoofing GRE packets	Spoofing detected or blocked
46	GRE Tunnel Compatibility Test	Test between different vendors	Tunnel interoperable
47	GRE Tunnel Scalability Test	Create multiple tunnels	All tunnels function correctly
48	GRE Tunnel Interface Shutdown	Shutdown tunnel interface	Tunnel goes down
49	GRE Tunnel Interface No Shutdown	Bring tunnel interface up	Tunnel comes up
50	GRE Tunnel Documentation Check	Verify config documentation	Matches actual configuration

PPTP Feature : IP Address Assignment

IP Address Assignment - Testcases

#	Test Case	Description	Expected Result
1	Static IP Assignment	Assign static IP to device	Device receives configured IP
2	DHCP IP Assignment	Assign IP via DHCP	Device receives IP from DHCP pool
3	Duplicate Static IP	Assign same static IP to two devices	IP conflict detected
4	DHCP Lease Expiry	Wait for lease to expire	IP released or renewed
5	DHCP Lease Renewal	Renew DHCP lease manually	Lease renewed successfully
6	DHCP Reservation	Reserve IP for MAC address	Device always gets reserved IP
7	IP Conflict Detection	Assign conflicting IPs	Conflict alert triggered
8	IP Release	Release DHCP-assigned IP	IP removed from device
9	IP Reassignment	Reconnect device after release	New IP assigned
10	DHCP Pool Exhaustion	Exhaust all available IPs	New requests denied
11	Invalid IP Assignment	Assign invalid IP format	Assignment rejected
12	Subnet Mismatch	Assign IP outside subnet	Network unreachable
13	Gateway Assignment	Assign default gateway	Device routes traffic correctly
14	DNS Assignment	Assign DNS server via DHCP	Device resolves domains
15	IP Assignment Logging	Enable logging	Assignment events logged
16	IP Assignment Notification	Notify on new assignment	Notification received
17	IPv6 Static Assignment	Assign static IPv6 address	Device reachable via IPv6
18	IPv6 DHCP Assignment	Assign IPv6 via DHCPv6	Device receives IPv6 address
19	Link-Local Address Assignment	Check IPv6 link-local address	Address auto-assigned
20	IP Assignment on Boot	Boot device with DHCP enabled	IP assigned during startup
21	IP Assignment on Reboot	Reboot device	IP retained or reassigned
22	MAC Address Filtering	Block MAC from DHCP	No IP assigned
23	VLAN-Based IP Assignment	Assign IP based on VLAN	Correct subnet IP assigned
24	IP Assignment via CLI	Assign IP using command line	IP assigned successfully
25	IP Assignment via GUI	Assign IP using web interface	IP assigned successfully
26	IP Assignment via API	Assign IP using API call	IP assigned successfully
27	IP Assignment Audit Trail	Review assignment history	Logs show IP usage
28	IP Assignment with NAT	Assign private IP behind NAT	Device accesses internet
29	IP Assignment with Proxy	Assign IP and route via proxy	Traffic routed through proxy
30	IP Assignment with VPN	Connect via VPN	VPN-assigned IP used
31	IP Assignment with Firewall	Assign IP and apply firewall rules	Rules enforced
32	IP Assignment with ACL	Assign IP and apply ACL	Access controlled
33	IP Assignment with DHCP Relay	Use DHCP relay agent	IP assigned from remote server
34	IP Assignment with Failover	Fail primary DHCP server	Secondary assigns IP
35	IP Assignment with Load Balancer	Assign IP behind load balancer	Traffic distributed
36	IP Assignment with High Availability	Test HA DHCP setup	No disruption in IP assignment
37	IP Assignment with Static Routing	Assign IP and configure static route	Traffic routed correctly
38	IP Assignment with Dynamic Routing	Assign IP and enable OSPF/BGP	Routes advertised
39	IP Assignment with DNS Update	Assign IP and update DNS record	DNS reflects new IP
40	IP Assignment with Hostname	Assign IP and hostname	Hostname resolved to IP
41	IP Assignment with Lease Time	Set custom lease time	Lease expires as configured
42	IP Assignment with Conflict Logging	Log IP conflicts	Conflicts recorded
43	IP Assignment with Monitoring Tool	Use monitoring tool	IP usage visible
44	IP Assignment with SNMP	Monitor via SNMP	IP info available
45	IP Assignment with NMS	Assign IP and track in NMS	IP tracked
46	IP Assignment with Cloud DHCP	Use cloud-based DHCP	IP assigned remotely
47	IP Assignment with Container	Assign IP to Docker container	Container reachable
48	IP Assignment with VM	Assign IP to virtual machine	VM reachable
49	IP Assignment with Mobile Device	Assign IP to phone/tablet	Device connects to network
50	IP Assignment with IoT Device	Assign IP to smart device	Device reachable and functional

PPTP Feature : Compression Support

Compression Support - Testcases

#	Test Case	Description	Expected Result
1	Enable Compression	Enable compression feature	Compression activated
2	Disable Compression	Disable compression feature	Compression deactivated
3	Compress Text File	Compress a plain text file	File size reduced
4	Compress Image File	Compress a JPEG/PNG image	Image size reduced
5	Compress Video File	Compress a video file	Video size reduced
6	Compress Audio File	Compress an MP3/WAV file	Audio size reduced
7	Compress Binary File	Compress a binary executable	File size reduced
8	Compress Folder	Compress a directory with files	Archive created with reduced size
9	Decompress File	Decompress a compressed file	Original file restored
10	Compression Ratio Check	Measure compression ratio	Ratio calculated correctly
11	Compression Speed Test	Measure time to compress	Time within acceptable limits
12	Decompression Speed Test	Measure time to decompress	Time within acceptable limits
13	Lossless Compression	Compress and decompress file	No data loss
14	Lossy Compression	Apply lossy compression to media	Quality reduced, size smaller
15	Compress Large File	Compress file >1GB	File compressed successfully
16	Compress Small File	Compress file <1KB	File compressed or skipped
17	Compress Empty File	Compress an empty file	File remains empty or minimal size
18	Compress Already Compressed File	Compress ZIP/RAR file	Minimal or no size reduction
19	Compress with Password	Apply password to compressed file	Password required to decompress
20	Decompress with Wrong Password	Use incorrect password	Decompression fails
21	Compression Format ZIP	Use ZIP format	ZIP file created
22	Compression Format GZIP	Use GZIP format	GZIP file created
23	Compression Format TAR	Use TAR format	TAR archive created
24	Compression Format 7z	Use 7z format	7z file created
25	Compression Format RAR	Use RAR format	RAR file created
26	Compression Format BZIP2	Use BZIP2 format	BZ2 file created
27	Compression Format XZ	Use XZ format	XZ file created
28	Compression Format Zstandard	Use Zstandard format	ZST file created
29	Compression Format LZMA	Use LZMA format	LZMA file created
30	Compression Format Brotli	Use Brotli format	BR file created
31	Compression Format Snappy	Use Snappy format	File compressed with Snappy
32	Compression Format Deflate	Use Deflate algorithm	File compressed
33	Compression Format LZ4	Use LZ4 algorithm	File compressed
34	Compression Format Zlib	Use Zlib compression	File compressed
35	Compression Format Comparison	Compare ZIP vs GZIP	Size and speed differences noted
36	Compression with Metadata	Compress file with metadata	Metadata preserved
37	Compression without Metadata	Strip metadata before compression	Metadata removed
38	Compression Error Handling	Compress corrupted file	Error handled gracefully
39	Decompression Error Handling	Decompress corrupted archive	Error message shown
40	Compression Logging	Enable logging	Compression events logged
41	Compression via CLI	Use command-line tool	Compression successful
42	Compression via GUI	Use graphical interface	Compression successful
43	Compression via API	Use API to compress file	API returns compressed file
44	Compression in Background	Run compression in background	UI remains responsive
45	Compression with Scheduler	Schedule compression job	Job runs at scheduled time
46	Compression with Resource Limits	Limit CPU/memory usage	Compression respects limits
47	Compression on Cloud Storage	Compress file in cloud	File compressed remotely
48	Compression on Mobile Device	Compress file on phone	File compressed successfully
49	Compression on IoT Device	Compress data on embedded system	Data compressed with constraints
50	Compression Audit Trail	Track compression activity	Audit log available

PPTP Feature : NAT Traversal

NAT Traversal - Testcases

#	Test Case	Description	Expected Result
1	Basic NAT Traversal	Establish connection through NAT	Connection successful
2	Full Cone NAT Traversal	Connect through full cone NAT	Connection successful
3	Restricted Cone NAT Traversal	Connect through restricted cone NAT	Connection successful
4	Port-Restricted Cone NAT	Connect through port-restricted cone NAT	Connection successful
5	Symmetric NAT Traversal	Connect through symmetric NAT	Connection may fail or require relay
6	NAT Type Detection	Detect NAT type	Correct NAT type identified
7	UDP Hole Punching	Use UDP hole punching technique	Peer-to-peer connection established
8	TCP Hole Punching	Use TCP hole punching technique	Peer-to-peer connection established
9	STUN Server Reachability	Contact STUN server	Public IP and port discovered
10	STUN Response Validation	Validate STUN response	Correct IP and port returned
11	TURN Server Allocation	Allocate relay on TURN server	Relay address received
12	TURN Relay Communication	Send data via TURN relay	Data relayed successfully
13	ICE Candidate Gathering	Gather ICE candidates	Candidates collected
14	ICE Connectivity Check	Perform ICE checks	Best path selected
15	NAT Timeout Handling	Wait for NAT mapping to expire	Connection drops or re-established
16	NAT Keepalive Mechanism	Send periodic keepalives	NAT mapping maintained
17	NAT Mapping Consistency	Check if NAT mapping is consistent	Mapping remains stable
18	NAT Mapping Change Detection	Detect change in public IP/port	Change detected and handled
19	NAT Traversal with VPN	Connect through VPN	NAT traversal still works
20	NAT Traversal with Firewall	Connect through NAT + firewall	Connection successful or blocked
21	NAT Traversal with IPv6	Attempt NAT traversal on IPv6	Not applicable or bypassed
22	NAT Traversal with Dual Stack	Use IPv4 and IPv6	Best path selected
23	NAT Traversal with Mobile Network	Connect from mobile carrier NAT	Connection successful
24	NAT Traversal with Carrier-Grade NAT	Connect from CGNAT	Connection successful or relayed
25	NAT Traversal with Static NAT	Use static NAT mapping	Connection successful
26	NAT Traversal with Dynamic NAT	Use dynamic NAT mapping	Connection successful
27	NAT Traversal with PAT	Use port address translation	Connection successful
28	NAT Traversal with SIP	Use SIP protocol	SIP messages traverse NAT
29	NAT Traversal with WebRTC	Use WebRTC connection	Peer-to-peer connection established
30	NAT Traversal with VoIP	Make VoIP call through NAT	Call connects successfully
31	NAT Traversal with Gaming	Join multiplayer game	Game session established
32	NAT Traversal with IoT Device	Connect IoT device through NAT	Device reachable
33	NAT Traversal with Cloud Service	Connect to cloud-hosted app	Connection successful
34	NAT Traversal with P2P App	Use peer-to-peer app	Peers connect directly
35	NAT Traversal with File Transfer	Send file peer-to-peer	File transferred successfully
36	NAT Traversal with Video Call	Start video call	Video stream established
37	NAT Traversal with Messaging App	Send message through NAT	Message delivered
38	NAT Traversal with Port Forwarding	Use manual port forwarding	Connection successful
39	NAT Traversal with UPnP	Use UPnP to open ports	Ports opened automatically
40	NAT Traversal with PCP	Use Port Control Protocol	Ports mapped successfully
41	NAT Traversal with NAT-PMP	Use NAT Port Mapping Protocol	Ports mapped successfully
42	NAT Traversal with DNS	Resolve peer IP via DNS	IP resolved correctly
43	NAT Traversal with TLS	Use TLS over NAT	Encrypted connection established
44	NAT Traversal with DTLS	Use DTLS over NAT	Encrypted connection established
45	NAT Traversal with HTTP Proxy	Use HTTP proxy	Connection tunneled
46	NAT Traversal with SOCKS Proxy	Use SOCKS5 proxy	Connection tunneled
47	NAT Traversal Logging	Enable logging	NAT traversal events logged
48	NAT Traversal Error Handling	Simulate failure	Error handled gracefully
49	NAT Traversal Performance Test	Measure latency and throughput	Within acceptable limits
50	NAT Traversal Security Test	Attempt spoofing or hijacking	Attack detected or blocked

PPTP Feature : Lightweight Implementation

Lightweight Implementation - Testcases

#	Test Case	Description	Expected Result
1	Minimal Resource Usage	Run feature on low-spec device	Feature runs without performance issues
2	Low Memory Footprint	Measure memory usage	Memory usage within defined limits
3	Low CPU Utilization	Measure CPU usage	CPU usage remains low
4	Fast Startup Time	Measure time to initialize	Startup completes quickly
5	Small Binary Size	Check compiled binary size	Size within lightweight threshold
6	Minimal Dependencies	Count external libraries	Few or no dependencies required
7	Embedded System Compatibility	Run on embedded device	Feature works as expected
8	IoT Device Compatibility	Deploy on IoT device	Feature runs smoothly
9	Mobile Device Compatibility	Run on low-end smartphone	Feature performs well
10	Offline Functionality	Use feature without internet	Works without connectivity
11	Lightweight UI Rendering	Load UI on low-power device	UI renders quickly
12	Minimal Disk Usage	Check disk space used	Within acceptable limits
13	Lightweight Logging	Enable logging	Logs generated with minimal overhead
14	Lightweight Encryption	Use optimized encryption	Secure and fast
15	Lightweight Compression	Compress data	Compression fast and efficient
16	Lightweight Protocol Support	Use lightweight protocols (e.g., MQTT, CoAP)	Protocols supported
17	Lightweight API Response	Measure API response size	Small and efficient payload
18	Lightweight Data Format	Use JSON or binary formats	Data parsed quickly
19	Minimal UI Elements	Render basic UI	UI loads with minimal elements
20	Lightweight Authentication	Use token-based auth	Auth works with minimal overhead
21	Lightweight Session Management	Manage sessions efficiently	Sessions maintained with low resource use
22	Lightweight Error Handling	Trigger error	Error handled gracefully
23	Lightweight Update Mechanism	Apply software update	Update completes quickly
24	Lightweight Configuration	Load config file	Config loaded with minimal delay
25	Lightweight Logging Format	Use compact log format	Logs are readable and small
26	Lightweight Monitoring	Monitor performance	Minimal impact on system
27	Lightweight Deployment	Deploy feature	Deployment is fast and simple
28	Lightweight Build Process	Build from source	Build completes quickly
29	Lightweight Testing	Run unit tests	Tests execute quickly
30	Lightweight Documentation	Access help or docs	Docs are concise and accessible
31	Lightweight Security Layer	Apply basic security	Secure with minimal overhead
32	Lightweight Logging Toggle	Enable/disable logs	Toggle works instantly
33	Lightweight UI Theme	Apply minimal theme	Theme loads quickly
34	Lightweight File Handling	Open and save files	File operations are fast
35	Lightweight Network Stack	Use minimal networking	Network operations succeed
36	Lightweight Scheduler	Schedule background task	Task runs with low resource use
37	Lightweight Database Integration	Use embedded DB (e.g., SQLite)	DB operations are fast
38	Lightweight Cache Mechanism	Use in-memory cache	Cache improves performance
39	Lightweight Logging Rotation	Rotate logs	Logs rotated without delay
40	Lightweight Metrics Collection	Collect performance metrics	Metrics gathered with minimal impact
41	Lightweight Notification System	Send alerts or messages	Notifications delivered quickly
42	Lightweight Backup Process	Backup data	Backup completes quickly
43	Lightweight Restore Process	Restore from backup	Restore completes quickly
44	Lightweight Encryption Key Storage	Store keys securely	Keys stored with minimal overhead
45	Lightweight UI Navigation	Navigate between screens	Transitions are smooth
46	Lightweight File Transfer	Transfer files	Transfer is fast and reliable
47	Lightweight Logging Compression	Compress logs	Logs compressed efficiently
48	Lightweight Resource Cleanup	Release unused resources	Memory and CPU freed
49	Lightweight Crash Recovery	Simulate crash	Recovery is fast and clean
50	Lightweight Feature Toggle	Enable/disable feature dynamically	Toggle works instantly

Reference links

Reference links