IPV4 RAW AF INET TCP server client program with Epoll system call

IPv4 RAW_AF_INET TCP

• In this program, you are going to learn

• How to create a Socket ?

• How to write a data ?

• How to read a data ?

• How to use socket APIs ?

  • socket

  • epoll_create1

  • epoll_ctl

  • epoll_wait

  • write

  • read

Topics in this section,

• IPV4 RAW_AF_INET TCP SOCKET FAQs

• Step 1: Sequence Diagram for SERVER.c

• Step 2: Program for Server.c

• Step 3: Compile and Execute Server.c

• Step 4: Sequence Diagram for CLIENT.c

• Step 5: Program for Client.c

• Step 6: Compile and Execute Client.c

• Summary

IPV4 RAW_AF_INET TCP SOCKET : FAQs

Let us answer few basic questions in this socket

What does socket(AF_INET, SOCK_RAW, IPPROTO_TCP) do?

See Answer

This call creates a raw socket in the AF_INET address family for direct access to TCP packets.

When is it appropriate to use SOCK_RAW sockets with TCP?

See Answer

It’s suitable for tasks like packet capturing, network monitoring, or implementing custom protocols where direct access to TCP packets is needed.

Can this socket be used for regular TCP communication?

See Answer

While technically possible, it’s not recommended for regular communication due to increased complexity and potential security risks.

How does a raw TCP socket differ from a regular TCP socket?

See Answer

A raw TCP socket provides direct access to the TCP layer, allowing for manual packet manipulation, whereas regular TCP sockets handle packet details internally.

What are some use cases for raw TCP sockets?

See Answer

Use cases include network sniffing, packet analysis, security auditing, and developing custom network protocols.

How can I capture and analyze TCP packets using raw sockets?

See Answer

You can use the raw socket to capture TCP packets and analyze them using packet analysis tools like Wireshark.

Is error checking needed after creating the socket?

See Answer

Yes, checking for errors ensures that the socket is created successfully before proceeding with further operations.

Why is it important to check the return value of read() and write() in socket programming?

See Answer

It detects issues such as network errors or closed connections.

What is the primary purpose of the epoll system call?

See Answer

To efficiently monitor multiple file descriptors for I/O events

What types of file descriptors can be monitored using epoll?

See Answer

sockets, files, timerfd, socketpair, message_queue, Namedpipes and shared_memory.

What data structure is used by epoll to store events?

See Answer

Hash table

How do you handle errors when using the epoll system call?

See Answer

Check the return value for -1 to detect errors, Use perror to print error messages.

How does epoll handle a set of file descriptors with different states (e.g., reading, writing, exception)?

See Answer

Create the epoll Instance:

Before monitoring file descriptors, the application creates an epoll instance using the epoll_create system call.

int epoll_fd = epoll_create1(0);

Register File Discriptors:

The application registers file descriptors with the epoll instance using the epoll_ctl system call. It specifies the file descriptor, the events it is interested in (EPOLLIN for readability, EPOLLOUT for writability, etc.), and a user-defined data associated with the file descriptor.

struct epoll_event event;
event.events = EPOLLIN | EPOLLOUT;  // Interested in readability and writability
event.data.fd = my_file_descriptor; // File descriptor to monitor

epoll_ctl(epoll_fd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, my_file_descriptor, &event);

Wait for Events:

The application enters a loop where it calls epoll_wait to wait for events. This call blocks until one or more registered file descriptors become ready or until a timeout occurs.

#define MAX_EVENTS 10
struct epoll_event events[MAX_EVENTS];

int num_events = epoll_wait(epoll_fd, events, MAX_EVENTS, timeout_ms);

Modify or Remove File Descriptors:

The application can dynamically modify or remove file descriptors from the epoll set using the epoll_ctl system call. For example, to modify events for an existing file descriptor:

struct epoll_event new_event;
new_event.events = EPOLLOUT;  // Modify to be interested in writability

epoll_ctl(epoll_fd, EPOLL_CTL_MOD, my_file_descriptor, &new_event);

To remove a file descriptor from the epoll set:

epoll_ctl(epoll_fd, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, my_file_descriptor, NULL);

How does epoll Checking Ready File Descriptors?

See Answer

After epoll_wait returns, the application iterates through the returned events to identify which file descriptors are ready and for what types of events.

for (int i = 0; i < num_events; ++i) {
        if (events[i].events & EPOLLIN) {
                // File descriptor i is ready for reading
        }

        if (events[i].events & EPOLLOUT) {
                // File descriptor i is ready for writing
        }
        // Check other events if needed (e.g., EPOLLERR, EPOLLHUP)
}

What does it mean if epoll returns 0?

See Answer

No file descriptors are ready within the specified timeout.

Step 1: Sequence Diagram for SERVER.c

Step 2 : program for server.c

• There are many functions used in socket. We can classify those functions based on functionalities.

  • Create Socket

  • Bind Socket

  • Connect Socket

  • Epoll create1

  • Epoll_ctl

  • Epoll_wait

  • Write data_packet

  • Read data_packet

  • Close socket

• socket() is used to create a new socket. For example,

sock_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_RAW, IPPROTO_TCP);

• bind() is used to associate the socket with a specific address and port. For example,

ret = bind(sock_fd, (struct sockaddr*)servaddr, sizeof(struct sockaddr_in));

• connect() is used in network programming to establish a connection from a client to a server. For example,

ret = connect(sock_fd, (struct sockaddr*)client_addr, sizeof(struct sockaddr_in));

• epoll_create1() creating an epoll instance using epoll_create1, The size parameter is an advisory hint for the kernel regarding the number of file descriptors expected to be monitored, For example,

epoll_fd = epoll_create1(0);

• epoll_ctl() After creating an epoll instance, file descriptors are added to it using epoll_ctl, For example,

ret = epoll_ctl(epoll_fd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, sock_fd, &event);

• epoll_wait() The application then enters a loop where it waits for events using epoll_wait, For example,

ready_fds = epoll_wait(epoll_fd, events, MAX_EVENTS, -1);

• read system call in C is commonly used to read data from a file descriptor, such as a socket.

ret = read(sock_fd, recvbuffer, sizeof(recvbuffer));

• write system call in C is used to write data to a file descriptor, such as a socket.

ret = write(sock_fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer));

• close is used to close the socket To free up system resources associated with the socket. For example,

(void)close(sock_fd);

• See the full program below,

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <linux/ip.h>
#include <netinet/tcp.h>
#include <sys/epoll.h>

#define PORT 50000
#define PORT_CLIENT 50001
#define MAX_EVENTS 5

struct sockaddr_in 
*servaddr = NULL,
*client_addr = NULL;
int sock_fd;
int epoll_fd;

struct pseudo_iphdr {
   unsigned int source_ip_addr;
   unsigned int dest_ip_addr;
   unsigned char fixed;
   unsigned char protocol;
   unsigned short tcp_len;
};

unsigned short in_cksum (
uint16_t * addr, int len)
{
   int nleft = len;
   unsigned int sum = 0;
   unsigned short *w = addr;
   unsigned short answer = 0;

   while (nleft > 1) {
      sum += *w++;
      nleft -= 2;
   }

   if (nleft == 1) {
     *(unsigned char *) 
      (&answer) = 
     * (unsigned char *) w;
         sum += answer;
   }

   sum = (sum >> 16) + 
   (sum & 0xffff);
   sum += (sum >> 16); 
   answer = (unsigned short) ~sum;
   return (answer);
}

void interrupt_handler (
int signum) {
    (void)close(sock_fd);
    free(client_addr);
    exit(0);
}

void validate_convert_addr(
char *ip_str,
struct sockaddr_in *sock_addr)
{
  if (ip_str == NULL) {
   perror("Invalid ip_str\n");
   exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 }

 if (sock_addr == NULL) {
   perror("Invalid sock_addr\n");
   exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 }

 printf("IP Address: %s\n", ip_str);

 if (inet_pton(AF_INET, ip_str, 
 &(sock_addr->sin_addr)) <= 0) {
    perror("Invalid address\n");
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }
}

int main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
  char buffer[1024] = 
  {0};
  unsigned char recvbuffer[1024] = 
  {0};
  int length, ret;
  char *string = 
  "Hello client";
  struct tcphdr *tcp_hdr = NULL;
  char *string_data = NULL;
  char *recv_string_data = NULL;
  char *csum_buffer = NULL;
  struct pseudo_iphdr 
  csum_hdr;
  int ready_fds;
  struct epoll_event events[MAX_EVENTS];
  struct epoll_event event;

  if (argc != 2) {
     printf("%s<ip-addr>\n",
     argv[0]);
     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }

  signal (SIGINT, 
  interrupt_handler);
  signal (SIGTERM, 
  interrupt_handler);

  sock_fd = socket(AF_INET, 
            SOCK_RAW, 
            IPPROTO_TCP);

  if(0 > sock_fd) {
     printf("unable to create\n");
     exit(0);
  }

  servaddr = (struct sockaddr_in *)malloc(
  sizeof(struct sockaddr_in));
        
  if (servaddr == NULL) {
     printf("could not allocate memory\n");
     goto end;
  }

  servaddr->sin_family = AF_INET;
  servaddr->sin_port = PORT;
  validate_convert_addr(argv[1],
  servaddr);

  ret = bind(sock_fd, 
  (struct sockaddr *)servaddr, 
  sizeof(struct sockaddr_in));

  if (ret < 0) {
    printf("bind\n");
    goto end1;
  }

  client_addr = (struct sockaddr_in *)malloc(
  sizeof(struct sockaddr_in));
  
  if (client_addr == NULL) {
    printf("allocation memory\n");
    goto end2;
  }

  client_addr->sin_family = AF_INET;
  client_addr->sin_port =
  PORT_CLIENT;
  validate_convert_addr(argv[1],
  client_addr);

  ret = connect(sock_fd, 
  (struct sockaddr *)client_addr, 
  sizeof(struct sockaddr_in));
        
  if (ret != 0) {
     printf("error %d", errno);
     printf("connect returned error\n");
     goto end2;
  }
      
  string_data = (char *) 
  (buffer + sizeof(struct tcphdr));
  strncpy(string_data, string, 
  strlen(string));

  tcp_hdr = (struct tcphdr *)buffer;
  tcp_hdr->source = htons(PORT);
  tcp_hdr->dest = 
  htons(PORT_CLIENT);
  tcp_hdr->ack_seq = 0x0; 
  tcp_hdr->doff = 5; 
  tcp_hdr->syn = 1; 
  tcp_hdr->window = htons(200); 

  csum_buffer = (char *)calloc((
  sizeof(struct pseudo_iphdr) + 
  sizeof(struct tcphdr) + 
  strlen(string_data)), 
  sizeof(char));

  if (csum_buffer == NULL) {
     printf("allocate csum buffer\n");
     goto end1;
  }

  csum_hdr.source_ip_addr = 
  inet_addr("192.168.1.11");
  csum_hdr.dest_ip_addr = 
  inet_addr("192.168.1.14");
  csum_hdr.fixed = 0;
  csum_hdr.protocol = 
  IPPROTO_TCP;
  csum_hdr.tcp_len = 
  htons(sizeof(struct tcphdr) + 
  strlen(string_data) + 1);

  memcpy(csum_buffer, (char *)&csum_hdr, 
  sizeof(struct pseudo_iphdr));
  memcpy(csum_buffer + 
  sizeof(struct pseudo_iphdr), buffer, 
  (sizeof(struct tcphdr) + 
  strlen(string_data) + 1));

  tcp_hdr->check = (in_cksum(
  (unsigned short *) csum_buffer,
  (sizeof(struct pseudo_iphdr)+ 
  sizeof(struct tcphdr) + strlen(string_data) + 1)));

  printf("checksum is %x", tcp_hdr->check);
  free (csum_buffer);

  epoll_fd = epoll_create1(0);
 
  if (epoll_fd == -1) {
     perror("Epoll creation failed");
     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }

  event.events = EPOLLIN;
  event.data.fd = sock_fd;
  ret = epoll_ctl(epoll_fd, 
  EPOLL_CTL_ADD, sock_fd, &event);
 
  if (ret < 0) {
    perror("Epoll_ctl failed");
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }

  while (1) {
    ready_fds = epoll_wait(epoll_fd, events, MAX_EVENTS, -1);
	  
    if (ready_fds == -1) {
       perror("Epoll wait failed");
       exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    if (events[0].data.fd == sock_fd) {
      memset(recvbuffer, 0, 
      sizeof(recvbuffer));

      ret = read(sock_fd, recvbuffer, 
      sizeof(recvbuffer));

      if (ret == -1) {
        perror("read error");
        break;
      }

      tcp_hdr = (struct tcphdr *)
      (recvbuffer + sizeof (struct iphdr));
      recv_string_data = (char *) 
      (recvbuffer + sizeof (struct iphdr) + 
      sizeof (struct tcphdr));
      
      if (PORT == ntohs(tcp_hdr->dest)) {
        printf("Received : %s\n", recv_string_data);
      }

      ret = write(sock_fd, buffer, 
      sizeof(buffer));
      
      if (ret == -1) {
        perror("write error");
        break;
      }
    }
   }

end2:
        free(client_addr);
end1:
        free(servaddr);
end:
        (void)close(sock_fd);

        return 0;
}

Step 3: Compile and Execute server.c

$ gcc -o server server.c

$ sudo ./server 127.0.0.1

IP Address: 127.0.0.1
IP Address: 127.0.0.1
checksum is c945
Received : Hello server
Received : Hello server
Received : Hello server
Received : Hello server
Received : Hello server
Received : Hello server
Received : Hello server
Received : Hello server
Received : Hello server
Received : Hello server
Received : Hello server
Received : Hello server
Received : Hello server
Received : Hello server
^C

Step 4 : Sequence Diagram for CLIENT.c

Step 5: program for client.c

• There are many functions used in socket. We can classify those functions based on functionalities.

  • Create Socket

  • Bind Socket

  • Connect Socket

  • Epoll create1

  • Epoll_ctl

  • Epoll_wait

  • Write data_packet

  • Read data_packet

  • Close socket

• socket is used to create a new socket. For example,

sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_RAW, IPPROTO_TCP);

• bind() is used to associate the socket with a specific address and port. For example,

ret = bind(sockfd, (struct sockaddr*)clientaddr, sizeof(struct sockaddr_in));

• connect() is used in network programming to establish a connection from a client to a server. For example,

ret = connect(sockfd, (struct sockaddr*)serveraddr, sizeof(struct sockaddr_in));

• epoll_create1() creating an epoll instance using epoll_create1, The size parameter is an advisory hint for the kernel regarding the number of file descriptors expected to be monitored, For example,

epoll_fd = epoll_create1(0);

• epoll_ctl() After creating an epoll instance, file descriptors are added to it using epoll_ctl, For example,

ret = epoll_ctl(epoll_fd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, sockfd, &event);

• epoll_wait() The application then enters a loop where it waits for events using epoll_wait, For example,

ready_fds = epoll_wait(epoll_fd, events, MAX_EVENTS, -1);

• write system call in C is used to write data to a file descriptor, such as a socket.

ret = write(sockfd, buffer, sizeof(buffer));

• close is used to close the socket To free up system resources associated with the socket. For example,

(void)close(sockfd);

• See the full program below,

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <netinet/tcp.h>
#include <linux/ip.h>
#include <sys/epoll.h>

#define PORT 50001
#define SERVER_PORT 50000
#define MAX_EVENTS 2

struct sockaddr_in 
*serveraddr = NULL, 
*clientaddr;
int sockfd;
int epoll_fd;

struct pseudo_iphdr {
   unsigned int source_ip_addr;
   unsigned int dest_ip_addr;
   unsigned char fixed;
   unsigned char protocol;
   unsigned short tcp_len;
};

unsigned short in_cksum (
uint16_t * addr, int len)
{
   int nleft = len;
   unsigned int sum = 0;
   unsigned short *w = addr;
   unsigned short answer = 0;

   while (nleft > 1) {
       sum += *w++;
       nleft -= 2;
   }

   if (nleft == 1) {
      *(unsigned char *) (&answer) = 
      * (unsigned char *) w;
      sum += answer;
   }

   sum = (sum >> 16) + 
   (sum & 0xffff); 
   sum += (sum >> 16); 
   answer = (unsigned short) ~sum;
   return (answer);
}

void interrupt_handler (
int signum) 
{
  close(sockfd);
  free(clientaddr);
  exit(0);
}

void validate_convert_addr(
char *ip_str,
struct sockaddr_in *sock_addr)
{
  if (ip_str == NULL) {
   perror("Invalid ip_str\n");
   exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 }

 if (sock_addr == NULL) {
   perror("Invalid sock_addr\n");
   exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 }

 printf("IP Address: %s\n", ip_str);

 if (inet_pton(AF_INET, ip_str,
 &(sock_addr->sin_addr)) <= 0) {
    perror("Invalid address\n");
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }
}

int main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
   char buffer[1024] = 
   {0};
   unsigned char recvbuffer[1024] = 
   {0};
   int length, ret;
   int ready_fds;
   char *string = 
   "Hello server";
   struct tcphdr *tcp_hdr = NULL;
   char *string_data = NULL;
   char *recv_string_data = NULL;
   char *csum_buffer = NULL;
   struct pseudo_iphdr csum_hdr;
   struct epoll_event events[MAX_EVENTS];
   struct epoll_event event;

   if (argc != 2) {
     printf("%s<ip-addr>\n",
     argv[0]);
     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
   }

   signal (SIGINT, 
   interrupt_handler);
   signal (SIGTERM, 
   interrupt_handler);

   sockfd = socket(AF_INET, 
            SOCK_RAW, 
            IPPROTO_TCP);
      
   if(0 > sockfd) {
     printf("create socket\n");
     exit(0);
   }

   clientaddr = (struct sockaddr_in *)malloc(
   sizeof(struct sockaddr_in));
      
   if (clientaddr == NULL) {
      printf("allocate memory\n");
      goto end;
   }

   clientaddr->sin_family = AF_INET;
   clientaddr->sin_port = PORT;
   validate_convert_addr(argv[1],
   clientaddr);

   ret = bind(sockfd, 
   (struct sockaddr *)clientaddr, 
   sizeof(struct sockaddr_in));

   if (ret < 0) {
      printf(" bind\n");
      goto end1;
   }

   serveraddr = (struct sockaddr_in *)malloc(
   sizeof(struct sockaddr_in));
      
   if (serveraddr == NULL) {
      printf("allocate memory\n");
      goto end2;
   }
   
   serveraddr->sin_family = AF_INET;
   serveraddr->sin_port = SERVER_PORT;
   validate_convert_addr(argv[1],
   serveraddr);

   ret = connect(sockfd, 
   (struct sockaddr *)serveraddr, 
   sizeof(struct sockaddr_in));
      
   if (ret != 0) {
      printf("error %d", errno);
      printf("connect returned error\n");
      goto end2;
   }

   string_data = (char *) 
   (buffer + sizeof(struct tcphdr));
   strncpy(string_data, string, 
   strlen(string));

   tcp_hdr = (struct tcphdr *)buffer;
   tcp_hdr->source = htons(PORT);
   tcp_hdr->dest = htons(SERVER_PORT);
   tcp_hdr->ack_seq = 0x0;
   tcp_hdr->doff = 5; 
   tcp_hdr->syn = 1;
   tcp_hdr->window = htons(200);

   csum_buffer = (char *)calloc(
   (sizeof(struct pseudo_iphdr) + 
   sizeof(struct tcphdr) + 
   strlen(string_data)), sizeof(char));
      
   if (csum_buffer == NULL) {
      printf("allocate csum buffer\n");
      goto end1;
   }

   csum_hdr.source_ip_addr = 
   inet_addr("192.168.1.14");
   csum_hdr.dest_ip_addr = 
   inet_addr("192.168.1.11");
   csum_hdr.fixed = 0;
   csum_hdr.protocol = 
   IPPROTO_TCP;
   csum_hdr.tcp_len = 
   htons(sizeof(struct tcphdr) + 
   strlen(string_data) + 1);

   memcpy(csum_buffer, 
   (char *)&csum_hdr, 
   sizeof(struct pseudo_iphdr));
   memcpy(csum_buffer + 
   sizeof(struct pseudo_iphdr), 
   buffer, (sizeof(struct tcphdr) + 
   strlen(string_data) + 1));

   tcp_hdr->check = (in_cksum(
   (unsigned short *) csum_buffer,
   (sizeof(struct pseudo_iphdr)+ 
   sizeof(struct tcphdr) + 
   strlen(string_data) + 1)));

   printf("checksum is %x", 
   tcp_hdr->check);
      
   free (csum_buffer);

   epoll_fd = epoll_create1(0);
  
   if (epoll_fd < 0) {
      perror("Epoll creation failed");
      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
   }

   event.events = EPOLLIN | EPOLLET;
   event.data.fd = sockfd;

   ret = epoll_ctl(epoll_fd, 
   EPOLL_CTL_ADD, sockfd, &event);
  
   if (ret < 0) {
      perror("Epoll_ctl failed");
      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
   }

   while (1) {
     ret = write(sockfd, 
     buffer, sizeof(buffer));
           
     if (ret < 0) {
        perror("read error");
        break;
     }
          
     ready_fds = epoll_wait(epoll_fd, 
     events, MAX_EVENTS, -1);

     if (ready_fds == -1) {
	     perror("Epoll wait failed");
	     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
     }

     if (events[0].data.fd == 
        sockfd) {
       memset(recvbuffer, 0, 
       sizeof(recvbuffer));
                
       ret = read(sockfd, 
       recvbuffer, sizeof(recvbuffer));
                
       if (ret < 0) {
          perror("read error");
          break;
       }

       tcp_hdr = (struct tcphdr *)
       (recvbuffer + sizeof (struct iphdr));
       recv_string_data = (char *) 
       (recvbuffer + sizeof (struct iphdr) + 
       sizeof (struct tcphdr));
                
       if (PORT == ntohs(tcp_hdr->dest)) {
           printf("Received : %s\n", 
           recv_string_data);
       }
     }
   }

end2:
      free(serveraddr);
end1:
      free(clientaddr);
end:
      (void)close(sockfd);

      return 0;
}

Step 6: Compile and Execute client.c

$ gcc -o client client.c

$ sudo ./client 127.0.0.1

IP Address: 127.0.0.1
IP Address: 127.0.0.1
checksum is c135
Received : Hello client
Received : Hello client
Received : Hello client
Received : Hello client
Received : Hello client
Received : Hello client
Received : Hello client
Received : Hello client
Received : Hello client
Received : Hello client
Received : Hello client
Received : Hello client
Received : Hello client
^C

Enhanced Socket Flexibility with AF_INET and PF_INET Domains

Default Domain:

By default, the socket is configured to work in the AF_INET domain, handling all types of network data.

Additional Domain Support:

We expand the socket’s capabilities to also function in the PF_INET domain, allowing it to operate similarly to AF_INET.

Socket Creation:

We set up a network connection point known as a socket using socket(PF_INET, SOCK_RAW, IPPROTO_TCP).

Working Scenario:

Despite the change in domain to PF_INET, the socket continues to operate the same way, handling general network data.

Summary

Socket API	Learning
socket	Create a new socket
epoll	handles a set of file descriptors with different states, such as reading, writing, and exceptions, by using the struct epoll_event structure and the associated event flags..
write	used to write data to a file descriptor, such as a socket.
read	used to read data from a file descriptor, such as a socket.

See Also

• Previous topic

  • IPV4 RAW AF INET TCP server client program with Poll system call

• Current topic

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• Next topic

  • ipv4_raw_af_inet_udp

• Other sockets

  • ipv6_af_inet6_tcp

  • ipv6_af_inet6_udp

  • //TODO ipv6_raw_af_inet6_icmp

  • //TODO ipv6_raw_af_inet6_tcp

  • //TODO ipv6_raw_af_inet6_udp

  • // TODO ipv6_raw_af_inet6_raw

  • raw_af_packet_raw_htons_ETH_P_ALL

  • raw_af_packet_tcp_htons_ETH_P_ALL

  • raw_af_packet_udp_htons_ETH_P_ALL

• Other IPCs

  • Message_queues

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  • Shared_Memory_2_FDS

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  • Timerfd