VoNR - Voice over New Radio (5G)
What is VoNR?
VoNR (Voice over New Radio) is the 5G equivalent of VoLTE. It enables voice calls over the 5G standalone (SA) network using the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), without falling back to 4G or 3G. It delivers ultra-low latency, high-quality voice, and seamless integration with 5G data services.
Why is VoNR useful?
Native voice over 5G without fallback to LTE.
Ultra-low latency and high voice quality.
Supports enhanced services like video calling, RCS, and emergency calls.
Efficient use of 5G spectrum and network slicing.
How it works?
UE Registration: The device registers with the 5G core and IMS.
Session Initiation: SIP INVITE is sent via IMS to initiate a call.
Bearer Setup: 5G core establishes QoS flows for voice using UPF and SMF.
Voice Transmission: RTP carries voice data over 5G NR radio interface.
Call Termination: SIP BYE ends the session and resources are released.
Where is VoNR used?
5G Standalone (SA) networks for native voice services.
IMS Core for session control and multimedia services.
UPF (User Plane Function) for routing RTP streams.
Emergency services, video calls, and RCS.
Which OSI layer does VoNR belong to?
Layer 7 (Application) - SIP, SDP, RTP (for voice), IMS services (e.g., RCS, video calling)
Layer 6 (Presentation) - Codec negotiation (e.g., EVS – Enhanced Voice Services), encryption formats
Layer 5 (Session) - SIP session control, call setup/teardown, IMS registration
Layer 4 (Transport) - UDP (for SIP, RTP), TCP (for some IMS interfaces), SCTP (for Diameter)
Layer 3 (Network) - IP (IPv6 preferred), routing via 5G core
Layer 2 (Data Link) - 5G NR MAC, RLC, PDCP layers
Layer 1 (Physical) - 5G NR PHY – radio transmission over mmWave or sub-6 GHz
Topics in this section,
In this section, you are going to learn
Terminology
Version Info
VoNR Version |
VoNR Number/3GPP Spec Number |
Year |
Core Idea / Contribution |
|---|---|---|---|
Release 15 |
TS 23.501, TS 23.502, TS 24.501 |
2018 |
Introduced 5G Core (5GC) architecture and support for IMS-based voice over 5G (VoNR). |
Release 16 |
TS 23.501, TS 23.503, TS 24.501 |
2020 |
Enhanced QoS, URLLC support, and improved IMS interworking for VoNR. |
Release 17 |
TS 23.501, TS 24.501, TS 29.503 |
2022 |
Added support for network slicing, improved mobility, and emergency services in VoNR. |
Release 18 |
Ongoing (TS 23.501 updates) |
2024+ |
Focuses on AI/ML integration, energy efficiency, and further enhancements to VoNR services. |
Setup
Setup
NAS Registration Packet
S.No |
Protocol Packets |
Description |
Size(Bytes) |
|---|---|---|---|
1 |
NAS Registration Request |
UE registers with the 5G Core (AMF) to access services. |
~100200 |
NAS Header |
Identifies message type and security context. |
~1020 |
|
Registration Parameters |
Includes UE identity, capabilities, and network info. |
~80180 |
NGAP Initial UE Message Packet
S.No |
Protocol Packets |
Description |
Size(Bytes) |
|---|---|---|---|
2 |
NGAP Initial UE Message |
Carries NAS message from gNB to AMF. |
~100300 |
NGAP Header |
Identifies message type and UE context. |
~2040 |
|
NAS Payload |
Embedded NAS Registration Request. |
~80260 |
SIP INVITE (IMS) Packet
S.No |
Protocol Packets |
Description |
Size(Bytes) |
|---|---|---|---|
3 |
SIP INVITE (IMS) |
Initiates a voice session over IMS. |
~500800 |
Request Line |
Contains the INVITE method and SIP URI. |
~2040 |
|
Headers |
Includes To, From, Call-ID, CSeq, Via, Contact, etc. |
~300400 |
|
SDP Body |
Describes media types, codecs (e.g., EVS), and ports. |
~150300 |
RTP Packet
S.No |
Protocol Packets |
Description |
Size(Bytes) |
|---|---|---|---|
4 |
RTP Packet |
Carries encoded voice data (e.g., EVS codec). |
~60100 (per packet) |
RTP Header |
Contains sequence number, timestamp, payload type. |
~12 |
|
Payload |
Encoded voice frame (EVS). |
~2060 |
PFCP Session Establishment Packet
S.No |
Protocol Packets |
Description |
Size(Bytes) |
|---|---|---|---|
5 |
PFCP Session Establishment |
Sets up user plane session between SMF and UPF. |
~300600 |
PFCP Header |
Identifies session and message type. |
~2040 |
|
Session Parameters |
Includes F-TEID, QoS rules, FARs, and PDRs. |
~250550 |
NAS Registration Accept Packet
S.No |
Protocol Packets |
Description |
Size(Bytes) |
|---|---|---|---|
6 |
NAS Registration Accept |
AMF accepts UE’s registration and provides configuration |
~100200 |
NAS Header |
Identifies message type and security context |
~1020 |
|
Registration Result |
Indicates success and type of registration |
1 |
|
UE Configuration Info |
Network-assigned parameters (e.g., timers, identities) |
2040 |
|
Allowed NSSAI |
Slice information for service access |
1030 |
|
PDU Session Info |
Default session setup for data and IMS (VoNR) |
2060 |
|
Timer Values |
Registration and periodic update timers |
48 |
|
Security Context |
Ciphering/integrity algorithms and keys |
1020 |
NAS Registration Complete Packet
S.No |
Protocol Packets |
Description |
Size(Bytes) |
|---|---|---|---|
7 |
NAS Registration Complete |
UE confirms successful registration |
~1020 |
NAS Header |
Identifies message type |
12 |
|
Optional IE(s) |
May include UE status or DRX settings |
510 |
S.no |
Use Case |
Description |
|---|---|---|
1 |
High-Quality Voice Calls |
Delivers ultra-clear voice using EVS codec over 5G standalone networks. |
2 |
Low-Latency Communication |
Enables real-time voice with minimal delay, ideal for mission-critical services. |
3 |
Simultaneous Voice and Data |
Supports concurrent high-speed data and voice sessions without fallback. |
4 |
Video Calling over 5G |
Facilitates high-resolution video calls using IMS and 5G bandwidth. |
5 |
Emergency Calling (eCall) |
Provides fast, location-aware emergency services over 5G. |
6 |
VoNR Roaming |
Allows seamless voice services while roaming on 5G standalone networks. |
7 |
Network Slicing Support |
Enables dedicated voice slices for enterprise or public safety use cases. |
8 |
Rich Communication Services |
Integrates with RCS for messaging, file sharing, and presence over 5G. |
9 |
Smart Devices & IoT Voice |
Supports voice in smart wearables, AR/VR, and IoT devices over 5G. |
10 |
Interworking with VoLTE/CS |
Ensures continuity with VoLTE or circuit-switched networks via IMS handover. |
S.no |
Feature |
Description |
|---|---|---|
1 |
Native 5G Voice |
Provides voice services directly over 5G standalone (SA) networks without fallback. |
2 |
Ultra-Low Latency |
Enables faster call setup and real-time communication with minimal delay. |
3 |
Enhanced Voice Quality |
Uses EVS (Enhanced Voice Services) codec for superior audio clarity. |
4 |
Simultaneous Voice & Data |
Supports concurrent high-speed data and voice sessions over 5G. |
5 |
IMS Integration |
Utilizes IP Multimedia Subsystem for voice, video, and messaging services. |
6 |
QoS-Based Bearer Management |
Ensures voice quality using dedicated QoS flows (5QI = 1). |
7 |
Network Slicing Support |
Allows voice services to run on dedicated network slices for reliability. |
8 |
Emergency Services Support |
Enables location-aware emergency calling with priority handling. |
9 |
Mobility and Handover |
Supports seamless handover between 5G cells and fallback to VoLTE if needed. |
10 |
Energy Efficiency |
Optimized signaling and bearer setup reduce power consumption on devices. |
Native 5G Voice - Testcases
# |
Test Case |
Description |
Expected Result |
|---|---|---|---|
1 |
VoNR call on 5G SA network |
Native 5G coverage |
Call connects |
2 |
VoNR call with no LTE fallback |
LTE disabled |
Call connects |
3 |
VoNR call with EPS fallback disabled |
5G SA only |
Call connects |
4 |
VoNR call with EPS fallback enabled |
5G SA preferred |
Call stays on 5G |
5 |
VoNR call with 5G NSA |
Non-standalone mode |
VoNR not supported |
6 |
VoNR call with 5G SA + IMS |
IMS registered |
Call connects |
7 |
VoNR call with IMS not registered |
No IMS |
Call fails |
8 |
VoNR call with SIP signaling |
SIP over 5G |
Call setup successful |
9 |
VoNR call with RTP media |
Voice over 5G bearer |
Media transmitted |
10 |
VoNR call with QCI 1 bearer |
Dedicated voice bearer |
Low latency |
11 |
VoNR call with QoS policy |
Policy applied |
Voice prioritized |
12 |
VoNR call with SRVCC fallback |
Move to LTE/3G |
Call continues |
13 |
VoNR call with no SRVCC |
No fallback support |
Call drops on handover |
14 |
VoNR call with 5G SA roaming |
Roaming IMS support |
Call connects |
15 |
VoNR call with no roaming agreement |
No IMS interconnect |
Call fails |
16 |
VoNR call with dual SIM |
5G active on one SIM |
Call connects |
17 |
VoNR call with airplane mode toggle |
Reconnect to 5G |
Call resumes |
18 |
VoNR call with handover to 4G |
EPS fallback triggered |
Call continues |
19 |
VoNR call with handover to Wi-Fi |
VoWiFi supported |
Call continues |
20 |
VoNR call with 5G signal loss |
No fallback |
Call drops |
21 |
VoNR call with 5G signal recovery |
Reconnects to 5G |
Call resumes |
22 |
VoNR call with emergency number |
Dial 112/911 |
Call connects |
23 |
VoNR call with eCall system |
Vehicle crash |
Call initiated |
24 |
VoNR call with video upgrade |
Add video mid-call |
Video added |
25 |
VoNR call with video downgrade |
Remove video |
Voice continues |
26 |
VoNR call with call hold/resume |
Hold and unhold |
Call continues |
27 |
VoNR call with call transfer |
Transfer to another number |
Call redirected |
28 |
VoNR call with call waiting |
Second call arrives |
User notified |
29 |
VoNR call with call forwarding |
Forwarded to another number |
Call redirected |
30 |
VoNR call with call barring |
Outgoing call blocked |
Call fails |
31 |
VoNR call with call recording |
IMS records call |
Audio captured |
32 |
VoNR call with SIP re-INVITE |
Mid-call update |
Call continues |
33 |
VoNR call with SIP BYE |
Call termination |
Call ends cleanly |
34 |
VoNR call with SIP 183 |
Early media |
Ringback heard |
35 |
VoNR call with SIP 200 OK |
Final response |
Call connected |
36 |
VoNR call with NAT traversal |
Behind NAT |
Call connects |
37 |
VoNR call with firewall |
IMS ports open |
Call connects |
38 |
VoNR call with IPv6 |
Dual-stack supported |
Call connects |
39 |
VoNR call with IPv4 |
Legacy IP supported |
Call connects |
40 |
VoNR call with TLS |
Secure signaling |
Call encrypted |
41 |
VoNR call with SRTP |
Secure media |
Voice encrypted |
42 |
VoNR call with jitter buffer |
Buffer active |
Smooth audio |
43 |
VoNR call with packet loss |
Network drops packets |
Voice degrades gracefully |
44 |
VoNR call with latency < 100ms |
Ideal conditions |
Excellent voice quality |
45 |
VoNR call with latency > 300ms |
High delay |
Voice quality degraded |
46 |
VoNR call with QoS monitoring |
Real-time stats |
Metrics logged |
47 |
VoNR call with network congestion |
High traffic |
Voice quality maintained |
48 |
VoNR call with test SIM |
5G SA profile |
Call connects |
49 |
VoNR call with test network |
Lab environment |
Call verified |
50 |
VoNR call with real network |
Field test |
Native 5G voice confirmed |
Ultra-Low Latency - Testcases
# |
Test Case |
Description |
Expected Result |
|---|---|---|---|
1 |
VoNR call setup time < 1s |
Measure setup delay |
Call connects in < 1s |
2 |
VoNR call setup vs VoLTE |
Compare setup times |
VoNR is faster |
3 |
VoNR call setup vs 3G |
Compare setup times |
VoNR is significantly faster |
4 |
VoNR call setup vs 2G |
Compare setup times |
VoNR is much faster |
5 |
VoNR call with 5G SA |
Native 5G call |
Ultra-low latency observed |
6 |
VoNR call with 5G NSA |
Non-standalone |
VoNR not supported |
7 |
VoNR call with IMS pre-registered |
IMS ready |
Instant call setup |
8 |
VoNR call with IMS registration delay |
IMS not ready |
Setup delay increases |
9 |
VoNR call with SIP over 5G |
SIP signaling |
Fast call setup |
10 |
VoNR call with RTP over 5G |
Media path |
Low latency audio |
11 |
VoNR call with jitter < 20ms |
Stable network |
Clear voice |
12 |
VoNR call with jitter > 100ms |
Congested network |
Voice quality degrades |
13 |
VoNR call with latency < 50ms |
Ideal conditions |
Excellent voice quality |
14 |
VoNR call with latency > 200ms |
High delay |
Noticeable lag |
15 |
VoNR call with packet loss < 1% |
Minimal loss |
Voice unaffected |
16 |
VoNR call with packet loss > 5% |
High loss |
Voice breaks |
17 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer |
Guaranteed latency |
Voice prioritized |
18 |
VoNR call with best-effort bearer |
No QoS |
Latency may increase |
19 |
VoNR call with 5G slicing |
Dedicated slice |
Ultra-low latency maintained |
20 |
VoNR call with network slicing disabled |
Shared resources |
Latency may vary |
21 |
VoNR call with SRTP |
Secure media |
Latency remains low |
22 |
VoNR call with TLS |
Secure signaling |
Slight latency increase |
23 |
VoNR call with handover to LTE |
EPS fallback |
Latency increases |
24 |
VoNR call with handover to Wi-Fi |
VoWiFi |
Latency varies |
25 |
VoNR call with 5G signal strength high |
Full bars |
Lowest latency |
26 |
VoNR call with 5G signal strength low |
Weak signal |
Latency increases |
27 |
VoNR call with high-speed mobility |
Moving vehicle |
Latency stable |
28 |
VoNR call with stationary user |
No movement |
Optimal latency |
29 |
VoNR call with dual SIM |
5G active SIM |
Low latency maintained |
30 |
VoNR call with roaming |
Compatible 5G SA network |
Latency remains low |
31 |
VoNR call with network congestion |
High traffic |
Latency may increase |
32 |
VoNR call with QoS monitoring |
Real-time stats |
Latency logged |
33 |
VoNR call with SIP OPTIONS |
Keep-alive active |
Fast signaling |
34 |
VoNR call with SIP 183 |
Early media |
Ringback heard quickly |
35 |
VoNR call with SIP 200 OK |
Final response |
Call connects instantly |
36 |
VoNR call with call hold/resume |
Mid-call action |
Minimal delay |
37 |
VoNR call with call transfer |
Redirect call |
Seamless transition |
38 |
VoNR call with call waiting |
Second call arrives |
Immediate notification |
39 |
VoNR call with emergency call |
112/911 |
Prioritized, low latency |
40 |
VoNR call with eCall |
Vehicle crash |
Call initiated instantly |
41 |
VoNR call with video upgrade |
Add video |
Minimal delay |
42 |
VoNR call with voice-only |
No video |
Lowest latency |
43 |
VoNR call with SIP re-INVITE |
Mid-call update |
Fast negotiation |
44 |
VoNR call with NAT traversal |
Behind NAT |
Latency remains low |
45 |
VoNR call with firewall |
IMS ports open |
Call setup fast |
46 |
VoNR call with IPv6 |
Dual-stack |
Latency optimized |
47 |
VoNR call with IPv4 |
Legacy IP |
Latency acceptable |
48 |
VoNR call with test network |
Lab environment |
Latency measured |
49 |
VoNR call with real network |
Field test |
Latency confirmed |
50 |
VoNR call with analytics tool |
Use QoS probe |
Latency < 100ms verified |
Enhanced Voice Quality - Testcases
# |
Test Case |
Description |
Expected Result |
|---|---|---|---|
1 |
VoNR call with EVS codec |
EVS supported on both ends |
HD+ voice quality |
2 |
VoNR call with AMR-WB fallback |
EVS not supported |
HD voice quality |
3 |
VoNR call with AMR-NB fallback |
No wideband support |
Narrowband voice |
4 |
VoNR call with EVS 13.2 kbps |
Standard bitrate |
Clear voice |
5 |
VoNR call with EVS 24.4 kbps |
Higher bitrate |
Enhanced clarity |
6 |
VoNR call with EVS 5.9 kbps |
Low bitrate |
Acceptable quality |
7 |
VoNR call with EVS fullband |
Full audio spectrum |
Studio-like clarity |
8 |
VoNR call with EVS super-wideband |
Extended range |
Richer voice tone |
9 |
VoNR call with EVS wideband |
Standard HD voice |
Clear and natural |
10 |
VoNR call with EVS narrowband |
Legacy compatibility |
Basic voice quality |
11 |
VoNR call with stereo EVS |
Dual-channel audio |
Spatial clarity |
12 |
VoNR call with mono EVS |
Single-channel |
Standard voice |
13 |
VoNR call with background noise |
EVS noise suppression |
Clear voice |
14 |
VoNR call with music in background |
EVS distinguishes voice |
Voice remains clear |
15 |
VoNR call with low signal |
EVS robustness |
Voice quality maintained |
16 |
VoNR call with jitter |
EVS jitter resilience |
Smooth audio |
17 |
VoNR call with packet loss < 1% |
EVS concealment |
No noticeable degradation |
18 |
VoNR call with packet loss > 5% |
EVS recovery |
Voice still intelligible |
19 |
VoNR call with codec negotiation |
EVS preferred |
EVS selected |
20 |
VoNR call with codec mismatch |
One side lacks EVS |
Fallback to AMR-WB |
21 |
VoNR call with EVS and QoS |
Guaranteed bitrate |
High-quality voice |
22 |
VoNR call with EVS and best-effort bearer |
No QoS |
Quality may vary |
23 |
VoNR call with EVS and SRTP |
Encrypted media |
Secure and clear voice |
24 |
VoNR call with EVS and SIP re-INVITE |
Mid-call codec change |
EVS maintained |
25 |
VoNR call with EVS and call hold |
Resume call |
Voice clarity preserved |
26 |
VoNR call with EVS and call transfer |
Redirected call |
EVS codec retained |
27 |
VoNR call with EVS and call waiting |
Second call arrives |
EVS active |
28 |
VoNR call with EVS and call recording |
IMS records call |
High-quality audio |
29 |
VoNR call with EVS and call analytics |
MOS score > 4.0 |
Excellent quality |
30 |
VoNR call with EVS and SIP OPTIONS |
Codec capability check |
EVS supported |
31 |
VoNR call with EVS and SIP 200 OK |
Codec confirmed |
EVS used |
32 |
VoNR call with EVS and emergency call |
112/911 |
EVS codec used |
33 |
VoNR call with EVS and eCall |
Vehicle crash |
EVS codec used |
34 |
VoNR call with EVS and video call |
Voice + video |
EVS for audio |
35 |
VoNR call with EVS and voice-only |
No video |
Full EVS bandwidth |
36 |
VoNR call with EVS and dual SIM |
Active SIM supports EVS |
Codec used |
37 |
VoNR call with EVS and roaming |
Compatible network |
EVS codec used |
38 |
VoNR call with EVS and 5G slicing |
Dedicated slice |
Consistent quality |
39 |
VoNR call with EVS and 5G congestion |
Network load high |
EVS adapts bitrate |
40 |
VoNR call with EVS and IPv6 |
Dual-stack |
Codec works |
41 |
VoNR call with EVS and NAT traversal |
Behind NAT |
Codec works |
42 |
VoNR call with EVS and firewall |
IMS ports open |
Codec works |
43 |
VoNR call with EVS and test SIM |
EVS profile active |
Codec used |
44 |
VoNR call with EVS and test network |
Lab test |
Codec verified |
45 |
VoNR call with EVS and real network |
Field test |
Codec confirmed |
46 |
VoNR call with EVS and accessibility mode |
Hearing aid compatible |
Clear voice |
47 |
VoNR call with EVS and smart speaker |
LTE-enabled speaker |
EVS audio |
48 |
VoNR call with EVS and smart car |
In-vehicle LTE |
EVS voice |
49 |
VoNR call with EVS and wearable |
LTE-enabled watch |
EVS codec used |
50 |
VoNR call with EVS and analytics tool |
Measure codec performance |
EVS quality confirmed |
Simulataneous Voice & Data - Testcases
# |
Test Case |
Description |
Expected Result |
|---|---|---|---|
1 |
VoNR call + web browsing |
Open browser during call |
Page loads successfully |
2 |
VoNR call + video streaming |
Watch YouTube during call |
Video plays smoothly |
3 |
VoNR call + file download |
Download large file |
Download continues |
4 |
VoNR call + file upload |
Upload to cloud |
Upload continues |
5 |
VoNR call + GPS navigation |
Use Google Maps |
Navigation works |
6 |
VoNR call + music streaming |
Play Spotify |
Music plays |
7 |
VoNR call + social media |
Scroll Instagram |
Feed loads |
8 |
VoNR call + messaging app |
Use WhatsApp |
Messages sent |
9 |
VoNR call + email sync |
Background sync |
Emails received |
10 |
VoNR call + cloud backup |
Auto-backup photos |
Backup continues |
11 |
VoNR call + hotspot active |
Share 5G via hotspot |
Other device connects |
12 |
VoNR call + VPN active |
Secure tunnel |
Both services work |
13 |
VoNR call + online gaming |
Play game during call |
Game runs smoothly |
14 |
VoNR call + smart home control |
Use IoT app |
Devices respond |
15 |
VoNR call + banking app |
Perform transaction |
Transaction successful |
16 |
VoNR call + ride-hailing app |
Book Uber |
Booking successful |
17 |
VoNR call + food delivery app |
Order food |
Order placed |
18 |
VoNR call + video conferencing |
Join Zoom call |
Audio/video works |
19 |
VoNR call + screen sharing |
Share screen |
Works during call |
20 |
VoNR call + remote desktop |
Access PC |
Session active |
21 |
VoNR call + cloud IDE |
Code online |
IDE responsive |
22 |
VoNR call + online test |
Take exam |
Test continues |
23 |
VoNR call + e-learning app |
Watch lecture |
Video plays |
24 |
VoNR call + podcast app |
Stream podcast |
Audio plays |
25 |
VoNR call + smart TV control |
Use remote app |
TV responds |
26 |
VoNR call + smart car app |
Start car remotely |
Command sent |
27 |
VoNR call + smart lock app |
Unlock door |
Command sent |
28 |
VoNR call + smart light app |
Toggle lights |
Lights respond |
29 |
VoNR call + smart thermostat |
Adjust temperature |
Change applied |
30 |
VoNR call + smart camera |
View live feed |
Video streams |
31 |
VoNR call + smart speaker |
Control via app |
Speaker responds |
32 |
VoNR call + cloud sync |
Sync files |
Sync continues |
33 |
VoNR call + tethering |
Laptop uses 5G |
Internet works |
34 |
VoNR call + AR app |
Use AR navigation |
Works during call |
35 |
VoNR call + translation app |
Translate voice |
App functions |
36 |
VoNR call + voice assistant |
Ask Google Assistant |
Response received |
37 |
VoNR call + weather app |
Check forecast |
Data loads |
38 |
VoNR call + stock app |
View live prices |
Prices update |
39 |
VoNR call + news app |
Read news |
Articles load |
40 |
VoNR call + e-reader |
Download book |
Book opens |
41 |
VoNR call + mobile banking |
Transfer funds |
Transaction completes |
42 |
VoNR call + payment app |
Tap to pay |
Payment successful |
43 |
VoNR call + file manager |
Access cloud files |
Files open |
44 |
VoNR call + cloud gaming |
Play game |
Game runs |
45 |
VoNR call + smartwatch sync |
LTE watch syncs |
Data syncs |
46 |
VoNR call + tablet multitasking |
LTE-enabled tablet |
Voice + data work |
47 |
VoNR call + car infotainment |
LTE modem in vehicle |
Voice + data active |
48 |
VoNR call + wearable device |
LTE-enabled watch |
Voice + data work |
49 |
VoNR call + test simulator |
Lab test |
Simultaneous use verified |
50 |
VoNR call + real network |
Field test |
Voice and data confirmed |
IMS Integration - Testcases
# |
Test Case |
Description |
Expected Result |
|---|---|---|---|
1 |
VoNR call with IMS registered |
IMS session active |
Call connects |
2 |
VoNR call with IMS not registered |
No IMS session |
Call fails |
3 |
VoNR video call via IMS |
SIP INVITE with video |
Video call connects |
4 |
VoNR voice call via IMS |
SIP INVITE with audio |
Voice call connects |
5 |
VoNR chat via IMS |
SIP MESSAGE used |
Message delivered |
6 |
VoNR file share via IMS |
File transfer initiated |
File sent |
7 |
VoNR call with SIP OPTIONS |
IMS keep-alive |
Response received |
8 |
VoNR call with SIP REGISTER |
IMS registration |
Successful |
9 |
VoNR call with SIP 183 |
Early media |
Ringback heard |
10 |
VoNR call with SIP 200 OK |
Final response |
Call connected |
11 |
VoNR call with SIP BYE |
Call termination |
Call ends cleanly |
12 |
VoNR call with SIP re-INVITE |
Mid-call update |
Call continues |
13 |
VoNR call with SIP UPDATE |
Session parameters changed |
Call continues |
14 |
VoNR call with SIP NOTIFY |
Event notification |
Received |
15 |
VoNR call with SIP SUBSCRIBE |
Presence subscription |
Updates received |
16 |
VoNR call with IMS over IPv6 |
Dual-stack supported |
Call connects |
17 |
VoNR call with IMS over IPv4 |
Legacy IP supported |
Call connects |
18 |
VoNR call with IMS over TLS |
Secure signaling |
Encrypted |
19 |
VoNR call with IMS over IPSec |
Secure media |
Encrypted |
20 |
VoNR call with IMS NAT traversal |
Behind NAT |
Call connects |
21 |
VoNR call with IMS firewall traversal |
IMS ports open |
Call connects |
22 |
VoNR call with IMS failover |
Backup IMS used |
Call continues |
23 |
VoNR call with IMS deregistration |
Mid-call |
Call drops |
24 |
VoNR call with IMS re-registration |
During session |
Call resumes |
25 |
VoNR call with IMS roaming |
Visited IMS used |
Call connects |
26 |
VoNR call with IMS home routing |
Home IMS used |
Call connects |
27 |
VoNR call with IMS local breakout |
Visited IMS used |
Call connects |
28 |
VoNR call with IMS emergency profile |
Emergency call |
Call connects |
29 |
VoNR call with IMS charging |
CDR generated |
Billing recorded |
30 |
VoNR call with IMS policy control |
PCRF applied |
QoS enforced |
31 |
VoNR call with IMS presence |
User status shared |
Presence updated |
32 |
VoNR call with IMS messaging |
Chat message sent |
Delivered |
33 |
VoNR call with IMS group chat |
Multiple users |
Messages delivered |
34 |
VoNR call with IMS video share |
Share video mid-call |
Video added |
35 |
VoNR call with IMS voice continuity |
Seamless handover |
Call continues |
36 |
VoNR call with IMS-based voicemail |
Call redirected |
Voicemail active |
37 |
VoNR call with IMS-based call forwarding |
Forwarded to another number |
Call redirected |
38 |
VoNR call with IMS-based call barring |
Outgoing call blocked |
Call fails |
39 |
VoNR call with IMS-based call waiting |
Second call arrives |
User notified |
40 |
VoNR call with IMS-based call hold |
Hold and resume |
Call continues |
41 |
VoNR call with IMS-based call transfer |
Redirected mid-call |
Call transferred |
42 |
VoNR call with IMS-based conferencing |
Multi-party call |
Conference established |
43 |
VoNR call with IMS-based analytics |
QoS and MOS logged |
Metrics recorded |
44 |
VoNR call with IMS-based accessibility |
Hearing aid compatible |
Voice clear |
45 |
VoNR call with IMS-based smart speaker |
LTE speaker |
IMS voice supported |
46 |
VoNR call with IMS-based smart car |
In-vehicle LTE |
IMS voice supported |
47 |
VoNR call with IMS-based wearable |
LTE-enabled watch |
IMS voice supported |
48 |
VoNR call with IMS test simulator |
Lab test |
IMS integration verified |
49 |
VoNR call with IMS in real network |
Field test |
IMS services confirmed |
50 |
VoNR call with IMS fallback |
IMS unavailable |
Call fails or falls back |
QoS-Based Bearer Management - Testcases
# |
Test Case |
Description |
Expected Result |
|---|---|---|---|
1 |
VoNR call with 5QI = 1 |
Dedicated bearer setup |
Voice quality ensured |
2 |
VoNR call with incorrect 5QI |
Wrong QoS flow |
Call setup fails or degrades |
3 |
VoNR call with GBR bearer |
Guaranteed Bit Rate active |
Consistent voice quality |
4 |
VoNR call with non-GBR bearer |
Best-effort traffic |
Voice may degrade |
5 |
VoNR call with QoS policy applied |
PCRF/PCF active |
QoS enforced |
6 |
VoNR call with QoS policy missing |
No policy control |
Voice quality degraded |
7 |
VoNR call with dynamic QoS allocation |
Bearer created on demand |
Voice prioritized |
8 |
VoNR call with pre-established QoS bearer |
Bearer ready before call |
Fast setup |
9 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer handover |
5G to LTE |
QoS maintained |
10 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer release |
End of call |
Bearer removed |
11 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer reuse |
Multiple calls |
Bearer reused efficiently |
12 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer congestion |
Network load high |
Voice quality preserved |
13 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer monitoring |
Real-time stats |
Metrics logged |
14 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer alarm |
Threshold exceeded |
Alert triggered |
15 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer downgrade |
Network congestion |
Voice still functional |
16 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer upgrade |
Bandwidth available |
Voice quality improves |
17 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer on roaming |
Visited network supports QoS |
Voice quality maintained |
18 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer on home network |
Full support |
Optimal voice quality |
19 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer on dual SIM |
Active SIM prioritized |
QoS applied |
20 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer on 5G slicing |
Dedicated slice |
QoS guaranteed |
21 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer on private 5G |
Enterprise network |
QoS enforced |
22 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer on CBRS |
Shared spectrum |
QoS maintained |
23 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer on test simulator |
Lab test |
QoS verified |
24 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer on real network |
Field test |
QoS confirmed |
25 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer in tunnel mode |
VPN active |
QoS preserved |
26 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer in split bearer |
Dual path |
QoS maintained |
27 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer in multi-access |
LTE + Wi-Fi |
QoS balanced |
28 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer in degraded 5G |
Weak signal |
Voice still clear |
29 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer in high-speed mobility |
Fast handover |
QoS preserved |
30 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer in airplane mode toggle |
LTE re-enabled |
QoS re-established |
31 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer in IMS failover |
Backup IMS used |
QoS maintained |
32 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer in SIP retry |
Signaling delay |
QoS re-applied |
33 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer in emergency call |
Priority override |
QoS guaranteed |
34 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer in group call |
Multiple users |
QoS shared |
35 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer in conference call |
Multi-party |
QoS maintained |
36 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer in call transfer |
Mid-call switch |
QoS preserved |
37 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer in call recording |
Media mirrored |
QoS unaffected |
38 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer in call analytics |
MOS score > 4.0 |
QoS confirmed |
39 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer in call encryption |
SRTP active |
QoS unaffected |
40 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer in NAT traversal |
Behind NAT |
QoS preserved |
41 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer in firewall traversal |
IMS ports open |
QoS preserved |
42 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer in IPv6 |
Dual-stack |
QoS maintained |
43 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer in IPv4 |
Legacy IP |
QoS maintained |
44 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer in SIP OPTIONS |
Codec capability check |
QoS bearer confirmed |
45 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer in SIP 200 OK |
Final response |
QoS bearer active |
46 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer in SIP re-INVITE |
Mid-call update |
QoS bearer retained |
47 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer in SIP BYE |
Call termination |
QoS bearer released |
48 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer in smart car |
In-vehicle LTE |
QoS bearer active |
49 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer in wearable |
LTE-enabled watch |
QoS bearer active |
50 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer in smart speaker |
LTE-enabled speaker |
QoS bearer active |
Network Slicing Support - Testcases
# |
Test Case |
Description |
Expected Result |
|---|---|---|---|
1 |
VoNR call on dedicated voice slice |
Slice ID for voice |
Call connects reliably |
2 |
VoNR call on shared slice |
No isolation |
Possible degradation |
3 |
VoNR call with slice isolation |
Voice slice separate from data |
No interference |
4 |
VoNR call with slice prioritization |
Voice slice has higher priority |
Call quality maintained |
5 |
VoNR call with slice congestion |
Data slice congested |
Voice unaffected |
6 |
VoNR call with slice handover |
Move between slices |
Call continues |
7 |
VoNR call with slice fallback |
Voice slice unavailable |
Call fails or rerouted |
8 |
VoNR call with slice QoS enforcement |
5QI = 1 applied |
Voice quality ensured |
9 |
VoNR call with slice monitoring |
Real-time slice metrics |
Performance logged |
10 |
VoNR call with slice analytics |
MOS score tracked |
Quality confirmed |
11 |
VoNR call with slice provisioning |
Slice created dynamically |
Call connects |
12 |
VoNR call with slice pre-provisioning |
Slice ready before call |
Fast setup |
13 |
VoNR call with slice ID tagging |
Slice identified in signaling |
Correct routing |
14 |
VoNR call with slice-based policy |
PCRF applies rules |
QoS maintained |
15 |
VoNR call with slice-based charging |
Billing per slice |
Accurate records |
16 |
VoNR call with slice-based security |
SRTP over voice slice |
Secure media |
17 |
VoNR call with slice-based signaling |
SIP over dedicated slice |
Fast setup |
18 |
VoNR call with slice-based media |
RTP routed via voice slice |
Low latency |
19 |
VoNR call with slice-based roaming |
Slice continuity across networks |
Call connects |
20 |
VoNR call with slice-based fallback |
Slice unavailable |
EPS fallback triggered |
21 |
VoNR call with slice-based emergency call |
112/911 routed via voice slice |
Call prioritized |
22 |
VoNR call with slice-based eCall |
Vehicle crash |
Voice slice used |
23 |
VoNR call with slice-based video upgrade |
Add video mid-call |
Slice adapts |
24 |
VoNR call with slice-based conferencing |
Multi-party call |
Slice scales |
25 |
VoNR call with slice-based call transfer |
Redirected call |
Slice maintained |
26 |
VoNR call with slice-based call hold |
Hold and resume |
Slice preserved |
27 |
VoNR call with slice-based call waiting |
Second call arrives |
Slice handles both |
28 |
VoNR call with slice-based call barring |
Policy enforced |
Call blocked |
29 |
VoNR call with slice-based call forwarding |
Forwarded to another number |
Slice rerouted |
30 |
VoNR call with slice-based call recording |
IMS records call |
Slice used for media |
31 |
VoNR call with slice-based accessibility |
Hearing aid compatible |
Voice clear |
32 |
VoNR call with slice-based smart speaker |
LTE-enabled speaker |
Slice used |
33 |
VoNR call with slice-based smart car |
In-vehicle LTE |
Slice used |
34 |
VoNR call with slice-based wearable |
LTE-enabled watch |
Slice used |
35 |
VoNR call with slice-based smart home |
IoT voice control |
Slice used |
36 |
VoNR call with slice-based firewall traversal |
IMS ports open |
Slice accessible |
37 |
VoNR call with slice-based NAT traversal |
Behind NAT |
Slice reachable |
38 |
VoNR call with slice-based IPv6 |
Dual-stack supported |
Slice works |
39 |
VoNR call with slice-based IPv4 |
Legacy IP supported |
Slice works |
40 |
VoNR call with slice-based SIP OPTIONS |
Capability check |
Slice confirmed |
41 |
VoNR call with slice-based SIP 200 OK |
Final response |
Slice active |
42 |
VoNR call with slice-based SIP re-INVITE |
Mid-call update |
Slice retained |
43 |
VoNR call with slice-based SIP BYE |
Call termination |
Slice released |
44 |
VoNR call with slice-based test SIM |
Slice profile active |
Call connects |
45 |
VoNR call with slice-based test network |
Lab test |
Slice verified |
46 |
VoNR call with slice-based real network |
Field test |
Slice confirmed |
47 |
VoNR call with slice-based analytics tool |
Slice performance measured |
Metrics logged |
48 |
VoNR call with slice-based slice ID mismatch |
Wrong slice used |
Call fails |
49 |
VoNR call with slice-based slice ID match |
Correct slice used |
Call succeeds |
50 |
VoNR call with slice-based slice lifecycle |
Slice created, used, deleted |
Lifecycle complete |
Emergency Services Support - Testcases
# |
Test Case |
Description |
Expected Result |
|---|---|---|---|
1 |
Dial 112 on VoNR |
Emergency number |
Call connects immediately |
2 |
Dial 911 on VoNR |
Emergency number |
Call connects immediately |
3 |
Emergency call with GPS enabled |
Location available |
Sent to PSAP |
4 |
Emergency call with GPS disabled |
No GPS fix |
Network-based location used |
5 |
Emergency call with AGPS |
Assisted GPS |
Fast and accurate location |
6 |
Emergency call with Wi-Fi positioning |
Indoor location |
Location sent |
7 |
Emergency call with cell ID |
No GPS/Wi-Fi |
Cell-based location sent |
8 |
Emergency call with hybrid location |
GPS + Wi-Fi + Cell |
Best estimate sent |
9 |
Emergency call with location retry |
Initial fail |
Retry successful |
10 |
Emergency call with SIP emergency URN |
Correct routing |
|
11 |
Emergency call with IMS emergency profile |
Special config |
Call allowed |
12 |
Emergency call with no SIM |
SIM-less call |
Call allowed |
13 |
Emergency call with locked phone |
Screen locked |
Call allowed |
14 |
Emergency call with airplane mode |
LTE re-enabled |
Call connects |
15 |
Emergency call with VoNR-only device |
No fallback |
Call connects via 5G |
16 |
Emergency call with fallback to LTE |
5G unavailable |
EPS fallback used |
17 |
Emergency call with fallback to 3G |
No 5G/LTE |
SRVCC used |
18 |
Emergency call with fallback to 2G |
Legacy network |
Call connects |
19 |
Emergency call with VoWiFi |
Wi-Fi available |
Call routed via ePDG |
20 |
Emergency call with no network |
No LTE/5G/Wi-Fi |
Call fails |
21 |
Emergency call with SIP 183 |
Early media |
Ringback heard |
22 |
Emergency call with SIP 200 OK |
Final response |
Call connected |
23 |
Emergency call with SIP INVITE |
IMS signaling |
Call setup initiated |
24 |
Emergency call with SIP BYE |
Call termination |
Call ends cleanly |
25 |
Emergency call with QoS bearer |
Dedicated bearer |
Low latency |
26 |
Emergency call with 5QI = 5 |
Emergency priority |
Guaranteed service |
27 |
Emergency call with network congestion |
High traffic |
Call prioritized |
28 |
Emergency call with call barring |
Emergency override |
Call allowed |
29 |
Emergency call with call forwarding |
Disabled |
Call goes to PSAP |
30 |
Emergency call with call waiting |
Disabled |
Emergency call prioritized |
31 |
Emergency call with call hold |
Not allowed |
Emergency call stays active |
32 |
Emergency call with call transfer |
Not allowed |
Call stays with PSAP |
33 |
Emergency call with eCall system |
Vehicle crash |
Call auto-initiated |
34 |
Emergency call with manual eCall |
Driver presses SOS |
Call initiated |
35 |
Emergency call with telematics data |
VIN, speed, direction |
Sent to PSAP |
36 |
Emergency call with silent call |
No voice |
Location still sent |
37 |
Emergency call with accessibility mode |
Voice disabled |
Text or location sent |
38 |
Emergency call with wearable device |
SOS button pressed |
Call initiated |
39 |
Emergency call with smart speaker |
Voice command |
Call initiated |
40 |
Emergency call with smart car |
LTE modem |
Call connects |
41 |
Emergency call with smart home hub |
LTE-enabled |
Call connects |
42 |
Emergency call with test SIM |
Emergency profile |
Call connects |
43 |
Emergency call with test network |
Lab setup |
Call routed to test PSAP |
44 |
Emergency call with real network |
Field test |
Call connects to PSAP |
45 |
Emergency call with location spoofing |
Tampered GPS |
Network location used |
46 |
Emergency call with location accuracy < 50m |
GPS fix |
Accurate location |
47 |
Emergency call with location accuracy > 500m |
Weak GPS |
Warning logged |
48 |
Emergency call with call recording |
PSAP records call |
Audio captured |
49 |
Emergency call with call back |
PSAP calls back |
Call received |
50 |
Emergency call with analytics tool |
Measure setup time and location |
Emergency support confirmed |
Mobility and Handover - Testcases
# |
Test Case |
Description |
Expected Result |
|---|---|---|---|
1 |
VoNR call with intra-frequency handover |
Between 5G cells on same frequency |
Call continues |
2 |
VoNR call with inter-frequency handover |
Between 5G cells on different bands |
Call continues |
3 |
VoNR call with inter-gNB handover |
Between different 5G base stations |
Call continues |
4 |
VoNR call with intra-gNB handover |
Within same base station |
Call continues |
5 |
VoNR call with handover to LTE |
5G coverage lost |
EPS fallback triggered |
6 |
VoNR call with handover to VoLTE |
LTE supports IMS |
Call continues |
7 |
VoNR call with handover to 3G |
No LTE/5G |
SRVCC used |
8 |
VoNR call with handover to 2G |
Legacy fallback |
Call continues (if supported) |
9 |
VoNR call with handover to Wi-Fi |
VoWiFi supported |
Call continues |
10 |
VoNR call with handover failure |
Target cell unavailable |
Call drops |
11 |
VoNR call with fast mobility |
User in moving vehicle |
Seamless handover |
12 |
VoNR call with slow mobility |
Walking speed |
Seamless handover |
13 |
VoNR call with high-speed train |
>300 km/h |
Call continues |
14 |
VoNR call with airplane mode toggle |
LTE/5G re-enabled |
Call resumes (if supported) |
15 |
VoNR call with dual SIM |
Active SIM supports handover |
Call continues |
16 |
VoNR call with roaming |
Visited network supports VoLTE |
Call continues |
17 |
VoNR call with no fallback support |
LTE unavailable |
Call drops |
18 |
VoNR call with fallback delay < 1s |
Fast EPS fallback |
Call continues |
19 |
VoNR call with fallback delay > 3s |
Delayed fallback |
Voice glitch observed |
20 |
VoNR call with QoS preserved |
During handover |
Voice quality maintained |
21 |
VoNR call with QoS renegotiation |
New bearer created |
Voice quality restored |
22 |
VoNR call with SIP re-INVITE |
Mid-call update |
Session continues |
23 |
VoNR call with SIP UPDATE |
Codec or media change |
Call continues |
24 |
VoNR call with SIP BYE |
Call termination |
Handover not needed |
25 |
VoNR call with jitter < 20ms |
During handover |
Smooth audio |
26 |
VoNR call with jitter > 100ms |
During handover |
Voice quality degrades |
27 |
VoNR call with packet loss < 1% |
During handover |
Voice unaffected |
28 |
VoNR call with packet loss > 5% |
During handover |
Voice breaks |
29 |
VoNR call with SRVCC enabled |
LTE/3G fallback |
Call continues |
30 |
VoNR call with SRVCC disabled |
No fallback |
Call drops |
31 |
VoNR call with IMS continuity |
IMS session maintained |
Call continues |
32 |
VoNR call with IMS re-registration |
During fallback |
Call resumes |
33 |
VoNR call with emergency call |
112/911 |
Handover prioritized |
34 |
VoNR call with eCall |
Vehicle crash |
Seamless fallback |
35 |
VoNR call with call hold |
During handover |
Call resumes |
36 |
VoNR call with call transfer |
Mid-call switch |
Handover supported |
37 |
VoNR call with call waiting |
Second call arrives |
Handover supported |
38 |
VoNR call with call forwarding |
During handover |
Call redirected |
39 |
VoNR call with call barring |
Policy enforced |
Handover blocked |
40 |
VoNR call with call recording |
IMS records call |
Audio preserved |
41 |
VoNR call with analytics tool |
Measure handover time |
< 1s ideal |
42 |
VoNR call with test SIM |
Handover profile active |
Call continues |
43 |
VoNR call with test network |
Lab test |
Handover verified |
44 |
VoNR call with real network |
Field test |
Handover confirmed |
45 |
VoNR call with 5G slicing |
Voice slice maintained |
Seamless handover |
46 |
VoNR call with 5QI = 1 |
QoS preserved |
Voice quality maintained |
47 |
VoNR call with NAT traversal |
Behind NAT |
Handover works |
48 |
VoNR call with firewall traversal |
IMS ports open |
Handover works |
49 |
VoNR call with IPv6 |
Dual-stack supported |
Handover works |
50 |
VoNR call with IPv4 |
Legacy IP supported |
Handover works |
Energy Efficiency - Testcases
# |
Test Case |
Description |
Expected Result |
|---|---|---|---|
1 |
VoNR call with optimized signaling |
Minimal SIP exchanges |
Lower power usage |
2 |
VoNR call with fast bearer setup |
Quick resource allocation |
Reduced radio activity |
3 |
VoNR call with DRX enabled |
Discontinuous reception active |
Power saved during idle |
4 |
VoNR call with cDRX (connected DRX) |
Active mode sleep cycles |
Battery conserved |
5 |
VoNR call with short call duration |
< 1 min |
Minimal battery impact |
6 |
VoNR call with long call duration |
> 30 min |
Power usage remains efficient |
7 |
VoNR call with low mobility |
Stationary user |
Lower power draw |
8 |
VoNR call with high mobility |
Moving vehicle |
Power usage optimized |
9 |
VoNR call with 5G SA only |
No fallback |
Efficient signaling |
10 |
VoNR call with fallback to LTE |
EPS fallback |
Slightly higher power usage |
11 |
VoNR call with fallback to 3G |
SRVCC triggered |
Higher power usage |
12 |
VoNR call with no fallback |
5G-only device |
Power optimized |
13 |
VoNR call with IMS pre-registered |
No re-registration needed |
Power saved |
14 |
VoNR call with IMS re-registration |
Mid-call |
Slight power increase |
15 |
VoNR call with SIP compression |
SigComp enabled |
Reduced signaling load |
16 |
VoNR call with SIP over UDP |
Lightweight transport |
Lower CPU usage |
17 |
VoNR call with SIP over TCP |
Reliable transport |
Slightly more power |
18 |
VoNR call with SIP over TLS |
Secure signaling |
Moderate power usage |
19 |
VoNR call with SRTP |
Secure media |
Efficient encryption |
20 |
VoNR call with QoS bearer reuse |
Existing bearer used |
Power conserved |
21 |
VoNR call with bearer release on end |
Immediate release |
No idle drain |
22 |
VoNR call with DRX cycle tuning |
Optimized sleep intervals |
Balanced power/performance |
23 |
VoNR call with low signal strength |
Poor coverage |
Higher power usage |
24 |
VoNR call with strong signal strength |
Good coverage |
Lower power usage |
25 |
VoNR call with 5G slicing |
Dedicated voice slice |
Efficient resource use |
26 |
VoNR call with shared slice |
Mixed traffic |
Slightly higher power |
27 |
VoNR call with background data |
Concurrent usage |
Power managed |
28 |
VoNR call with no background data |
Voice only |
Minimal power draw |
29 |
VoNR call with screen off |
Display inactive |
Lower battery drain |
30 |
VoNR call with screen on |
Display active |
Slightly higher usage |
31 |
VoNR call with Bluetooth headset |
External audio |
Efficient usage |
32 |
VoNR call with speakerphone |
Internal audio |
Slightly higher power |
33 |
VoNR call with Wi-Fi off |
5G only |
Efficient radio use |
34 |
VoNR call with Wi-Fi on |
Idle Wi-Fi |
No impact on 5G power |
35 |
VoNR call with airplane mode toggle |
LTE/5G re-enabled |
Power usage resumes |
36 |
VoNR call with dual SIM |
One SIM active |
Power optimized |
37 |
VoNR call with roaming |
Visited network |
Power usage stable |
38 |
VoNR call with call hold |
Media paused |
Power usage reduced |
39 |
VoNR call with call transfer |
Mid-call switch |
Efficient signaling |
40 |
VoNR call with call waiting |
Second call arrives |
Power usage stable |
41 |
VoNR call with call forwarding |
Redirected |
Minimal impact |
42 |
VoNR call with emergency call |
Priority handling |
Power usage optimized |
43 |
VoNR call with eCall |
Vehicle crash |
Efficient signaling |
44 |
VoNR call with wearable device |
LTE-enabled watch |
Power-efficient call |
45 |
VoNR call with smart speaker |
LTE-enabled speaker |
Low power usage |
46 |
VoNR call with smart car |
In-vehicle LTE |
Efficient radio use |
47 |
VoNR call with test SIM |
Energy profile active |
Power usage measured |
48 |
VoNR call with test network |
Lab test |
Energy efficiency verified |
49 |
VoNR call with real network |
Field test |
Battery usage confirmed |
50 |
VoNR call with analytics tool |
Use battery monitor |
Power savings observed |
Reference links